Obezita nie je len o zvýšenej hmotnosti

Obezita už dávno nie je len estetický problém. Ide o chronické ochorenie, ktoré sa postupne zhoršuje, často sa vracia a dramaticky ovplyvňuje zdravie a kvalitu života miliónov ľudí.  Celosvetovo patrí obezita k najvýznamnejším problémom verejného zdravia.

freepik_obesity_25

Nielen kvôli narastajúcej prevalencii, ale najmä asociácii so širokým spektrom ďalších chronických ochorení. Najnovší sociologický prieskum agentúry Ipsos pre spoločnosť Lilly, ktorý prebiehal vo februári 2025 na vzorke 800 respondentov oboch pohlaví vo veku 18 až 65 rokov ukázal, že až 59 % slovenskej populácie sa nachádza v pásme nadváhy alebo obezity podľa BMI. [1] Každý desiaty Slovák pritom trpí obezitou II. alebo vyššieho stupňa. Tento alarmujúci trend ukazuje, že boj s nadváhou je vážnou výzvou, ktorú netreba podceňovať. 

Skreslené vnímanie vlastnej hmotnosti komplikuje boj s obezitou

Jedným z kľúčových zistení prieskumu je, že až 42 % Slovákov nesprávne odhaduje svoju telesnú hmotnosť – myslia si, že ich BMI je nižšie, než v skutočnosti je. Muži sú v tomto ohľade mierne optimistickejší ako ženy.

Obezita: Viac než len číslo na váhe

Obezita nie je len otázkou vzhľadu, ale závažným zdravotným rizikom. Až 69 % Slovákov si ju spája s kardiovaskulárnymi ochoreniami. Často sa uvádzajú vysoký krvný tlak, vysoká hladina cholesterolu a cukrovka 2. typu. [2]

Cukrovka 2. typu a obezita (diabezita) sú spojené nádoby. Väčšina diabetikov 2. typu (až 90 % trpí nadhmotnosťou alebo obezitou a naopak, väčšina ľudí  žijúcich s obezitou má cukrovku 2. typu alebo sú na jednosmernej ceste k nej. Treba povedať, že diabezita je „iba“ jednou z 236 komorbitíd súvisiacich s obezitou,“ vysvetľuje doc. MUDr. Fábryová, PhD, MPH. [3]

Často spomínané sú aj bolesti kĺbov. Zarážajúce však je, že iba dve pätiny populácie si obezitu spájajú so zvýšeným rizikom nádorových ochorení. Rovnako nízke povedomie panuje aj o súvislosti obezity s poruchami sexuálneho zdravia. Ženy majú o týchto súvislostiach lepšie povedomie – vnímajú obezitu ako faktor ovplyvňujúci plodnosť, psychické zdravie či tráviace problémy.

Obezita však nie je len o zvýšenej hmotnosti – je to nadbytok telesného tuku, pričom najnebezpečnejší je vnútrobrušný tuk, ktorý negatívne ovplyvňuje metabolické zdravie. BMI je len orientačný parameter a neodráža presne podiel tuku v tele. Lepším ukazovateľom zdravotného rizika je obvod pásu, prípadne pomer pás/výška. Ak je obvod pásu menší než polovica výšky (pás/výška < 0,5), riziko zdravotných komplikácií je nižšie. Ako hovorí známe pravidlo: „Povedzte mi svoj obvod pásu a ja vám poviem, ako dlho budete žiť,“ hovorí MUDr. Majerčák, MPH. [4]

Prečo bojujeme s nadváhou? A prečo sa nám to nedarí?

Za hlavné príčiny obezity Slováci označujú nadmerný príjem kalórií (79 %) a nedostatok pohybu (76 %). Spomínané sú aj hormonálne poruchy, psychologické faktory, ale aj vplyv liekov a genetiky. Napriek tomu, že 59 % Slovákov už niekedy skúšalo schudnúť, iba štvrtina z nich konzultovala svoju váhu s lekárom. [5] Mnohí sa spoliehajú na diéty – polovica populácie niekedy nejakú držala, pričom ženy majú s diétami bohatšie skúsenosti. Najčastejšie ide o úpravu jedálnička a obmedzenie príjmu kalórií, avšak iba pätina ľudí kombinuje diétu s pohybovou aktivitou.

Slováci pravidelné chudnú a priberajú

Rok 2025 sa nesie v znamení snahy o reguláciu hmotnosti – 51 % Slovákov plánuje schudnúť, priemerne o 12 kg. Až 42 % ľudí však priznalo, že za posledný rok pribralo, v priemere o 6 kg. Zároveň skúsenosť s jo-jo efektom má až 59 % tých, ktorí sa niekedy pokúšali schudnúť – priemerne pribrali späť 11 kg. [6] Odborníci upozorňujú, že práve nesprávne prístupy k chudnutiu vedú k frustrácii a opakovanému, dokonca ešte vyššiemu  nárastu hmotnosti.

Obezita nie je prejav slabej vôle – je to chronické ochorenie, ktoré sa dá liečiť

Dobrou správou je, že väčšina populácie si uvedomuje vážnosť situácie – takmer dve tretiny Slovákov súhlasia s tým, že obezita je choroba, ktorú by mal riešiť odborník. Napriek tomu však 40 % populácie stále vníma obezitu ako dôsledok lenivosti a slabej vôle. Obezita pritom nie je v slovenskej spoločnosti tabu – ľudia sú ochotní o nej hovoriť, ale stále čelia dezinformáciám a predsudkom.

Obezitu vidieť, na rozdiel od množstva iných chorôb, ktoré na človeku nevidíte na prvý pohľad. Človek žijúci s obezitou často nevie, že je pacient s chorobou, ktorá sa dá liečiť. To vedie ku stigmatizácii ľudí žijúcich s obezitou, sebapodceňovaniu, psychickým problémom a sociálnej izolácii. Ľudia žijúci s obezitou často nemajú radi samých seba. Predstavte si, že žijete v telesnej schránke, ktorú „každý vidí“ a vy svoju telesnú schránku nemáte radi.  Základným problémom je, že nepristupujeme k ľudom žijúcim s obezitou ako ku pacientom.,“ MUDr. Majerčáka, MPH. [7]

„Reprezentatívny sociologický prieskum ukázal, že obezita dnes na Slovensku nie je tabu. Okrem toho, že sa týka nezanedbateľného množstva ľudí je spájaná s mnohými zdravotnými rizikami a ľuďom, ktorých sa týka nie je ľahostajná, čo dokazujú minulé snahy o chudnutie, či nespokojnosť s aktuálnou váhou a snaha o jej zníženie. Obezitu vnímajú aj ľudia, ktorých sa priamo netýka, a ktorí si s obéznymi ľuďmi spájajú viaceré predsudky, napríklad to, že robia veci pomalšie, čiže majú problémy s osobnou hygienou. Obezita je vnímaná ako problém ľuďmi ktorých sa priamo týka aj tými, ktorí ňou netrpia, ľudia s obezitou sa snažia svoju situáciu riešiť, ale často nevyhľadajú pomoc lekára a najmä, väčšina nemá dostatok informácií o možnostiach farmakologickej liečby. Ak by v tejto oblasti vyhľadali lekársku pomoc, najčastejšie by to bol ich všeobecný lekár pre dospelých, teda lekár prvého kontaktu,“ povedal riaditeľ Ipsosu Slovensko, Mgr. Jakub Hankovský, PhD. [8]

Ďalšou odbornosťou na koho by sa obrátili by bol obezitológ -jedna tretina opýtaných a diabetológ. Bohužiaľ, stále pretrváva nízke povedomie o dostupných možnostiach liečby – len 13 % Slovákov dôveruje bezpečnosti farmakologickej liečby obezity, pričom iba 11 % by túto možnosť reálne zvažovalo.[9]

Odborná pomoc je kľúčová

Obezita sa dá liečiť, no vyžaduje si systematický prístup. Ak chceme zastaviť rastúci trend nadváhy a obezity na Slovensku, je nevyhnutné šíriť osvetu o zdravotných rizikách a možnostiach odbornej liečby. Nadváha nie je len estetický problém – je to zdravotná hrozba, ktorú nemožno ignorovať. Riešenie je potrebné hľadať v ordinácii lekára prvého kontaktu, alebo špecialistu; moderná farmakologická liečba je k dispozicii už aj pre pacientov v Slovenskej republike.  

Zdroj foto: Freepik


[1] Výsledky prieskumu prieskumnej agentúry Ipsos Slovensko, február 2025

[2] Výsledky prieskumu prieskumnej agentúry Ipsos Slovensko, február 2025

[3] World Obesity Atlas 2023. March 2023. Accessed February 20, 2024. ttps://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wof-files/World_Obesity_Atlas_2023_Report.pdf -  doc. MUDr. Fábryová, PhD, MPH

[4] MUDr. Majerčák, MPH

[5] Výsledky prieskumu prieskumnej agentúry Ipsos Slovensko, február 2025

[6] Výsledky prieskumu prieskumnej agentúry Ipsos Slovensko, február 2025

[7] MUDr. Majerčák, MPH

[8] Mgr. Jakub Hankovský, PhD

[9] Výsledky prieskumu prieskumnej agentúry Ipsos Slovensko, február 2025

3 komentárov

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