Rakovina prsníka a nebezpečné mutácie BRCA1 a BRCA2

Pravdepodobne každý z nás má v svojom okolí niekoho, kto s rakovinou musel alebo stále musí bojovať. Ako však rakovina vzniká? Dá sa jej predísť? Rakovina začína v bunkách, ktoré sú základnými stavebnými kameňmi. Bunky tvoria všetky tkanivá a orgány v tele, vrátane prsníka.

rak1

Rakovina prsníka

Normálne bunky v prsníku a v iných častiach tela rastú a delia sa. Takýmto spôsobom vytvárajú nové bunky, vtedy, keď sú nové bunky potrebné. Keď normálna bunka zostarne, alebo príde k jej  poškodeniu, táto bunka odumrie a nová bunka nahradí jej miesto.
Niekedy však tento proces zlyhá. Nové bunky sa tvoria,  aj keď ich telo nepotrebuje. Staré alebo poškodené bunky neumierajú, ako by mali. Nahromadenie týchto buniek často vytvorí zhluk tkaniva, ktorý sa nazýva nádor.

Nádory v prsníku môžu byť benígne (nezhubné nádory) alebo malígne (rakovinové).

Benígne nádory:

- Nie sú zvyčajne škodlivé

- Zriedka napádajú tkaniva okolo nich

- Nešíria sa do iných častí tela

- Môže byť odstránené a zvyčajne sa znovu neobjavia

Zhubné (malígne) nádory:

- Môžu znamenať ohrozenie života

- Môžu napadnúť blízke orgány a tkanivá (napr. hrudné steny)

- Môžu sa šíriť do ďalších častí tela

- Často môžu byť odstránené, ale niekedy môžu dorásť


Bunky pochádzajúce z rakoviny prsníkasa môžu šíriť po tele
. Môžu cestovať cievami alebo lymfatickými cievami a tak dosiahnuť aj iné časti tela. Takýmto spôsobom sa môžu rakovinové bunky pochádzajúce z prsníka pripojiť k ďalším tkanivám a môžu začať rásť. Takto vytvoria nové nádory, ktoré môžu poškodiť tieto tkanivá.

Bunky rakoviny prsníka sa napríklad môžu rozšíriť najprv do okolitých lymfatických uzlín. Skupiny lymfatických uzlín sú v blízkosti prsníka pod ramenom (podpazušie), nad kľúčnou kosťou a v hrudníku za hrudnou kosťou.

Keď sa rakovina prsníka šíri z pôvodného miesta do iných častí tela,nový nádor má rovnaký druh abnormálnych buniek a rovnaký názov ako primárny (pôvodný) nádor.Ak sa napríklad rakovina prsníka šíri do pľúc, rakovinové bunky v pľúcach sú vlastne bunky rakoviny prsníka. Choroba je metastatický karcinóm prsníka, nie rakovina pľúc. Z tohto dôvodu, bude táto rakovina liečená ako rakovina prsníka a nie ako rakovina pľúc.

Najčastejším typom rakoviny prsníka jeduktálny karcinóm. Tento typ rakoviny prsníka začne v bunkách, ktoré lemujú mliekovody prsníka . Približne 7 z každých 10 žien s rakovinou prsníka má práve duktálny karcinóm. Tento typ rakoviny prsníka zvykne metastazovať do kostí, pľúc, pečene a mozgu. Taktiež metastazuje do lymfatických uzlín.

Druhým najčastejším typom rakoviny prsníka je lobulárny karcinóm. Postihuje intralobulárne duktuly mliečnej žľazy. Približne 1 z každých 10 žien s rakovinou prsníka má lobulárny karcinóm.

Iné ženy majú kombináciu duktálneho a lobulárneho typu, alebo majú menej zvyčajný druh rakoviny prsníka (Tubulárny karcinóm, Medulárny karcinóm, Mucinózny karcinóm, Morbus Paget).

Karcinómu prsníka patrí medzi zhubné ochorenia ako aj medzi civilizačné choroby. Je najčastejším zhubným nádorom u žien a má stále vzrastajúci výskyt.  Najvyššia incidencia je u žien okolo veku 65 rokov. Veľmi dôležitou prevenciou pri rakovine prsníka je samo vyšetrenie prsníka a taktiež preventívne prehliadky u doktora.

Nebezpečné mutácie BRCA1 a BRCA2

Zhubné nádory prsníka vzniknú u prevažnej väčšiny žien súhrou náhody a rizikových faktorov. Avšak jeden z 300 – 800 prípadov je spôsobený mutáciou v géne BRCA 1 alebo BRCA 2. Pokiaľ tieto gény fungujú správne, opravujú chyby v DNA a pomáhajú predchádzať vzniku rakoviny. Pokiaľ sa u nich ale objavia mutácie, táto schopnosť sa naruší, čo výrazne zvyšuje riziko vzniku rakoviny prsníka a vaječníkov.

Zatiaľ čo v bežnej zdravej populácii je riziko rozvoja rakoviny prsníka približne deväť percent, v prípade mutácie BRCA génov ide až o 86 percent. Tieto invazívne nádory sa môžu vyskytnúť aj o 15 – 20 rokov skôr ako u populácie bez BRCA mutácie. To je tiež dôvodom, prečo zhubné nádory u nositeľov BRCA mutácie vznikajú v oveľa nižšom veku.

Mutácie génov BRCA 1 a BRCA 2 sú dedičné, dedia sa tzv. autozomálne dominantným spôsobom, čo znamená, že ak jeden z rodičov má mutáciu v jednom z týchto génov, existuje päťdesiatpercentná pravdepodobnosť, že ju odovzdá svojim deťom. Mutácia sa tak odovzdáva z generácie na generáciu. Pokiaľ teda nenesú mutáciu rodičia, nemôžu ju odovzdať ani svojim potomkom.

Táto dedičná dispozícia sa nevyhýba ani mužom. U nich je potom riziko rakoviny prostaty, hrubého čreva a prsníka zhruba 2-krát až 5-krát vyššie ako v normálnej populácii. A tiež muži môžu preniesť túto mutáciu na svojich potomkov.

Mutáciu BRCA génov je možné zistiť genetickým vyšetrením z krvi.

Podozrenie, že by sa v rodine mohla táto predispozícia vyskytovať, by mal človek pojať predovšetkým v prípade, že má dvoch príbuzných, u ktorých sa vyskytla rakovina prsníka a aspoň u jedného z nich pred päťdesiatym rokom veku, alebo ak má troch alebo viac príbuzných s rakovinou prsníka v akomkoľvek veku. Pokiaľ má žena podozrenie, že by mohla byť nositeľkou BRCA mutácie, mala by osloviť svojho praktického lekára alebo gynekológa, ktorí jej môžu vystaviť žiadanku na genetické testovanie.

2 komentárov

  • Komentár anabol vs dianabol %AM, %21 %373 %2025 %07:%mar napísal anabol vs dianabol

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  • Komentár Cristine %PM, %20 %992 %2025 %22:%mar napísal Cristine

    The glutes muscle should remain activated all through any exercise you’re doing to strengthen that particular muscle group.
    The finest glutes exercise targets the particular muscle group that promotes hypertrophy and energy whereas getting
    an excellent burn. It’s necessary to train the glutes due to the pivotal position they play in sustaining the
    body’s strength and posture.
    Sadly, not each further calorie you eat will go straight to enlarging your glutes, though prioritizing
    eating meals for a a lot bigger butt will undoubtedly assist.
    To achieve muscle anyplace in your body, you have to be in a
    caloric surplus. If you eat in a caloric deficit or
    upkeep, your muscles have no extra fuel for restoration and progress.
    If you’re prepared for extra of a challenge, you are able to do a
    single-leg bridge; if you want to reduce somewhat, use only your physique
    weight, Katie says.
    You’ll see higher performance in exercises like squats and lunges.
    You’ll see yourself getting stronger, especially unilateral power.
    With this workout, you are utilizing greater hamstring actions and combining more single-leg,
    body weight, and banded glute movements. This is where you'll find a way to max out in your
    hamstring workout routines, while nonetheless building your glutes.

    The Romanian deadlift is a wonderful train that may simultaneously
    target the glutes and the hamstrings (the two muscles liable for
    the underbutt).
    Lifters will really feel recruitment from the muscles positioned within the
    buttock when participating in all the workouts
    noted above. To inform if the glutes are engaged, simply focus
    on the body half and make a note if the muscle is being squeezed.
    Partaking in physique weight exercise is a good way to
    focus on muscle groups whereas providing minimal stress on the joints involved within the movements utilized.
    Any of the workouts below could be completed with only body weight, making them ideal for
    these wanting to remedy their flat bottom but with no health club gear.
    A lifter utilizing the nice morning train ought
    to begin by standing with their feet hip or shoulder width apart and knees loosely bent.
    A barbell shall be positioned throughout the upper back with an overhand grip, just
    like a again squat placement. Not solely does this train goal all
    of the muscular tissues within the glutes; it additionally
    engages the hamstrings located in the again of the thighs, and again muscle tissue together with the lats and traps.


    Consistency is vital, so make sure to stick to a workout program and results
    should be noticeable in as little as twelve weeks. Building the glutes can be onerous, but with the workouts above achieving the last word sculpted buttocks is totally attainable.
    Lifters will begin with their ft collectively and palms placed on hips.
    Next, they will barely bend the supporting leg and raise the opposite
    leg laterally, or to the aspect. Lifters can both
    alternate legs or full all reps for one leg before moving on to
    the opposite. Next, the lifter ought to lift one leg out to the side, whereas preserving the knee and foot in roughly ninety levels of flexion. The movement ought to resemble a canine lifting its leg to pee, therefore the appropriately named train.
    If you're already match, deepen the lunge and contact your
    knee to the ground. If your aim is glutes with the 45° back extension, I want you
    to concentrate on a quantity of key issues. Then, when extending
    up, go as excessive up as you presumably can until your glutes are contracted.

    As Quickly As you could have a great butt squeeze, that’s the top of the
    rep. Don’t hold driving up, as once more this isn't more glutes.
    There are numerous options for cardio exercises
    that can help strengthen your butt. This can be carried out together with power training to actually work your glutes
    and maximize your results.
    Your gluteus medius is mostly liable for hip abduction; an instance is raising your leg laterally.
    Maintain the lifting place on the top for three to 5 seconds
    to extend time underneath tension. If you’re feeling strong, add a mini resistance band around your thighs or ankles to increase
    the intensity. When coaching the higher glutes, you wish to focus mainly on the glute medius (and a little on the glute minimus) to realize
    that ‘glute shelf’ look. This test’s focus just
    isn't on the collective glute muscle tissue, but solely on the activation of the gluteus maximus.
    Proper underneath the gluteus medius, you may have
    the gluteus minimus. Knowing where the glute muscular tissues are will allow you to develop a stronger mind-to-muscle
    connection.
    One study from the College of Central Missouri,
    discovered experienced lifters gained an average of 2.18
    to 2.33 pounds of muscle over the course of an eight-week coaching
    program. The best way to goal the glute med ? Single leg exercises combined with abduction actions.

    The workouts I’ve shared with you are designed
    to make sure optimum glute activation in all three parts of
    the muscle, making certain you’ll see some serious
    outcomes when you stick to them. If you level your
    toes sideways, you’re merely partaking the gluteus medius or gluteus minimus.
    Sometimes, our hips can stray throughout a Barbell
    Squat, especially once we move into that upright place during the concentric portion of the raise.
    It depends on imbalances in the hip and the way the muscular tissues within the posterior chain are firing collectively.

    But in the Romanian deadlift, they will work at a barely totally different angle.
    A current research showed that deep squats result in twice the gluteus maximus
    hypertrophy that half squats do. So even if deep squats
    are tougher and extra technically challenging, it appears to be value it to
    squat deep, even if it implies that you'll have to take some (or a lot) weight off of the bar.
    The squat is called "the king of all exercises" (or queen,
    if you will), and when it comes to glute training, it lives up to the hype.
    The earlier power workouts aren't the only moves for the glutes—cardio actions may additionally be an efficient approach to engage your bottom.

    The Stability Ball Hip Raise and Leg Curl is a highly effective
    exercise for concentrating on the decrease glutes and hamstrings.
    It’s essential to ensure proper type during this train to keep away from damage or pressure in different muscles corresponding to hamstrings or decrease
    back muscular tissues. In fact, elite-level coaches favor this exercise over squats in phrases of glute activation and growth.
    The Bulgarian Weightlifting team replaced again squats with step-ups in their coaching and observed extra full muscularity
    in lifters who used them as an alternative of squatting.
    Elevating the entrance foot permits for a deeper range of motion and higher stretch on the glutes and
    upper hamstrings.
    The glute medius is the second largest of the three glute muscles.
    It sits on the outermost part of the pelvis BUT
    only on the pelvis. Examine this to the maximus, which stretches out and down onto the femur.
    Relaxation days are simply as essential as exercise days, so don’t overtrain your
    glutes (or any muscle) and danger damage or pressure.
    Whereas you do need an influence rack to carry out again squats, we advocate doing
    this train two to a few instances a week to realize the results you need
    in your glutes.
    We can take advantage of this movement and steadiness on one
    leg for an prolonged period. Then, to fireplace all the muscles, we are able to
    carry out various movements on that one balancing leg.

    Progressive overload is a strength-training concept that suggests that to
    find a way to get stronger (and see results), you should expose your muscular tissues to a continually rising amount of resistance.

    In other words, you need to maintain upping the weight and/or reps in your exercises
    over time to consistently challenge your muscle tissue.


    (Again, if that is your goal.) If you need to construct muscle, regulate your calorie
    intake and strength-training exercises accordingly.
    If you’ve been sleeping on the step-up, it’s time to
    wake up and add them to your glute exercise. A study from 2020 discovered that the step-up had
    the very best gluteus maximas muscle activation amongst a number of the finest glute-building workout routines.
    You can make hip thrusts more difficult with a resistance band or barbell.

    For example, you'll have the ability to set your self up and position a
    loaded barbell against the crease of your hips.
    Maintain the bar for balance and carry out the exercise as you often would.


    The decrease glutes play a crucial function in stabilizing the pelvis throughout movements similar to walking or
    operating, and weak glutes can result in ache and muscular imbalances.

    Bend the right knee 90 levels and the left knee at ninety
    degrees, trailing behind you. Come out of the lunge
    with a long stride by stepping the left foot ahead right
    into a lunge. If you're new to train, begin with dips earlier than transferring into deeper 90-degree lunges.

    One research even found that performing reverse lunges with dumbbells resulted in higher activation of the gluteus maximus muscle compared to conventional
    forward lunges or squats. It’s important to notice that spot-reducing fats
    from a specific body half isn't possible via exercise alone.
    However, combining focused power training with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) classes might help tone your
    lower glutes whereas enhancing total muscle definition. Weighted lunges are nice in your lower body normally,
    but they’re especially efficient in building
    your glute muscles. I coach women who vary from absolute novices, all the
    way in which as much as world bikini champions.

    You can squat and deadlift all you want, but when you’re
    not activating your muscle tissue, you’ll by no means add more muscle mass.
    If you wrestle to lock out a heavy deadlift or squat, lockout glute power
    might hold you again. The hip thrust strengthens the
    glutes at full hip extension, helping you energy via sticking points in these lifts.

    Lunges can emphasize a deeper and pronounced range of motion, which
    is a basic piece in contracting your quads and focusing on your steadiness, coordination, and core
    stability. Use moderate to heavy weights for 3-5 sets of 6-8 reps, resting two to a few minutes between sets.
    Robust glutes are important for explosive power, whether or not sprinting, jumping, or altering direction in sports.
    Hip thrusts reinforce powerful hip extension, which is essential for athletes on and off the sphere.

    Maintain a weight in both hands near your chest for an added challenge.
    Because this train includes a quantity of steps to the facet, you'll need
    a larger house or a hallway by which to do it comfortably.

    You could step in circles if you are figuring out in a smaller
    area.
    This provides the encompassing ligaments and tendons with vitamins
    resulting in lower instances of hip damage and lower back pain. Weightlifters usually debate the deserves of excessive bar vs low
    bar squat placement, so it’s important to delve into
    the distinction to determine which fits their wants greatest.
    To back squat, strive utilizing a squat rack or smith machine to add weight to.
    Then, go through the circuit 2 to three times, with no rest between exercises and a 60-second relaxation between circuits.

    For example, one template for exercise design that you can use could be
    to choose 5 workout routines of your choice from
    the listing above, plus 5 cardio exercises to do in-between each
    exercise. Side-lying clams seem like they’re a chunk of cake to work through.

    Because many on an everyday basis actions involve squatting, it's necessary to construct up your glutes so you are in a place to do them with
    ease and avoid damage as you first begin training.
    The hip thrust should be your go-to train if you'd like glutes that flip heads and improve efficiency out and in of the health club.

    Since Bret "The Glute Guy" Contreras put it on the map, the hip thrust has turn out
    to be the gold commonplace for constructing glute strength and dimension. The decrease glutes are an necessary area to target
    for a nicely rounded backside. We found that certain actions excel at concentrating on this part of the glutes, including deadlifts and decrease
    body presses.
    As A Result Of of the stance, your stability might be challenged throughout the
    squatting motion. Anticipate expert-backed exercises,
    nutrition advice, the newest in strength sports activities, and a
    whole lot of motivation heading your method. Discovering it exhausting to carry the bar in entrance rack
    position with out your chest and elbows dropping?
    Activating your glutes before a workout is crucial
    to make sure correct and complete muscular contractions all through the session. Remember,
    variety in exercises and intensity can be necessary to
    keep away from overuse accidents and to promote total
    muscle health. Give the exercises on this guide a
    shot, and you’ll quickly see some impressive modifications.

    Moreover, HIIT can help increase fats loss in the underbutt area while constructing power within the glutes for a more outlined
    form. The gluteal muscles usually are not just important if you need to fill out a pair of jeans.
    Your grandparents may benefit from glute strengthening workout
    routines as they play an integral position in easy duties such as walking and even standing up.
    Then, additionally they play a key function in stability which
    again, is important for the aged all the way down to athletes
    aiming to be as explosive and powerful as attainable.
    For athletes, the glutes are commonly seen as a significant
    muscle group for pace.
    In addition to constantly being underneath completely different masses, the glutes are also consistently labored with completely different motions and from completely different angles.
    With that in thoughts, I'm placing this on the record due to the anecdotal evidence of testimony from individuals much stronger
    than us. A research revealed in the Journal of Utilized Biomechanics in contrast muscle
    activation in the course of the train to muscle activation during the again squat.

    Their measurements confirmed there's really no
    query as to which is best. We've constructed this record utilizing EMG and the opinion of
    consultants within the area.
    As the name suggests, the gluteus minimus is the smallest gluteal muscular tissues.
    It Is a deep muscle underneath the other gluteal muscular tissues and tensor
    fascia latae that begins at the ilium (hip bone) and travels to the femur.

    The gluteus minimus is similar to the gluteus medius in structure and function.
    It also aids in hip external rotation i.e. pointing the toes outwards.
    The underbutt, because the name suggests, is that area underneath your butt where your glutes meet your
    hamstrings, generally called the glute-ham tie-in. To goal the underbutt,
    we need to be looking in the path of the decrease glutes and the hamstrings.
    Building the glutes, together with the underbutt is a objective excessive on the agenda
    for many fitness center goers.

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