Poznáte najčastejšie očné vady?

Napísal Michal Krajčír 23. apríl 2023

Starnutie bohužiaľ nezastavíme a platí to aj v prípade nášho zraku. Postupom času (a v dôsledku pribúdajúcich rokov) sa tak môžeme stretávať s niektorými očnými vadami, typickými pre dané životné obdobie.

Vek však nie je jediným faktorom, ktorý ovplyvňuje vývoj zraku. Dôležitú úlohu zohráva aj dedičnosť alebo životný štýl.

Napriek tomu, že nás niektoré problémy s očami môžu postihnúť takmer kedykoľvek, existujú očné vady typické pre určité vekové skupiny. Z toho dôvodu je dôležité pravidelne navštevovať očného lekára či optometristu, ktorý problém zachytí včas a nasadí liečbu, ktorá môže v niektorých prípadoch zrak dokonca aj zachrániť.

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Deti trápi škúlenie či krátkozrakosť

Zrakový systém je najviac citlivý v prvých rokoch života, keď sa mozog aktívne učí vnímať a spracovávať vizuálne informácie. Preto je potrebné strážiť jeho správny vývoj. „U detí sa najčastejšie stretávame s poruchami, ako je postavenie očných bulbov, škúlenie, refrakčné vady – ďalekozrakosť, krátkozrakosť i astigmatizmus. Môžeme ale tiež prísť na menej časté ochorenia, ako sú vrodené zápalové aj nezápalové ochorenia sietnice, šedý či zelený zákal,“ vysvetľuje primárka očného oddelenia Sliezskej nemocnice v Opave, MUDr. Zdenka Wandrolová.

Čo sa ďalekozrakosti týka, objavuje sa už v ranom detstve a prejavuje sa najčastejšie škúlením alebo tupozrakosťou. To súvisí so zlým vývojom zraku. Podchytiť a vyliečiť tupozrakosť možno pritom iba medzi tretím a siedmym rokom života.

Krátkozrakosť potom trápia predovšetkým deti školského veku. Po desiatom až dvanástom roku, kedy deti vstupujú do puberty, je tak potrebné skontrolovať výskyt krátkozrakosti súvisiaci s rastom oka a namáhajúcej práci na blízko. „V detskej populácii sa krátkozrakosť vyskytuje asi u 1 % detí do 5 rokov, do 10 rokov potom postihuje zhruba 8 % a do 15 rokov veku je to už 15 %,“ dopĺňa primárka Zdeňka Wandrolová.

Usilovná práca na blízko namáha zrak v produktívnom období

V dospelosti na oči číha mnoho nástrah. Je to spôsobené jednak usilovnou prácou na blízko v kombinácii s časom stráveným vo vnútri budov, ale aj nedostatkom priameho slnečného svetla.

Naše oči boli po stáročia zvyknuté pozerať sa najmä do diaľky, čo je pre oko najpohodlnejšie, pretože má uvoľnené svaly, ktoré regulujú napätie pri zaostrení. U nás to ale už neplatí. Dlhé hodiny pracujeme na počítačoch, viac sledujeme mobilné telefóny a naše oči sa týmto zvyklostiam museli prispôsobiť za cenu ostrosti videnia na diaľku,“ hovorí Martin Slaný, optometrista a odborný garant siete FOKUS optik.

Pravidelné sledovanie obrazoviek smart zariadení, či už v práci alebo vo voľnom čase, potom môže mať vplyv aj na suché a podráždené oči. „Namáhané oči v tomto prípade nie sú schopné vytvárať dostatočný slzný film a hrozí syndróm suchého oka. Riešením sú zvlhčujúce kvapky, tzv. umelé slzy, ktoré na povrchu vytvárajú umelý film, ktorý oko dlhodobo chráni pred podráždením,“ dodáva optometrista Martin Slaný.

Po štyridsiatke sa pridáva presbyopia

S nástupom štyridsiateho roku života stúpa počet ľudí s presbyopiou alebo slabozrakosťou. Nejde o klasickú očnú vadu, ale skôr o prejav prirodzeného starnutia organizmu. „Presbyopia je stav, kedy sa s vekom zhoršuje schopnosť oka zaostriť na blízke objekty. Vplyvom prirodzeného starnutia tela dochádza k strate elasticity šošovky a zníženiu schopnosti akomodácie, čo vedie k problémom s čítaním a videním do blízka. Preto je občas nazývaná ako choroba krátkych rúk,“ opisuje Martin Slaný.

Presbyopiu však nie je dobré podceňovať. „Ak tento problém niekto nerieši, koleduje si nielen o precitlivené oči, ale aj o silné bolesti hlavy. Od problémov môžu pomôcť klasické okuliare na blízko. V prípade, že vidíte zle aj do diaľky, sú ideálne multifokálne okuliare, ktoré ostria na viac vzdialeností,“ dopĺňa Slaný.

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Starších ľudí postihuje najmä šedý a zelený zákal

S pribúdajúcim vekom sa zvyšuje riziko vzniku určitých očných ochorení. Tým najčastejším býva šedý zákal, ktorý lekári diagnostikujú každému druhému nad 60 rokov. Vo veku 75 až 85 rokov má túto očnú vadu už 90 % ľudí. „Pri šedom zákale pacienti trpia na zahmlené a neostré videnie. Ide o najčastejšie vykonávanú operáciu očí vôbec, ktorá má skvelé výsledky a dokáže takmer okamžite zlepšiť videnie,” vysvetľuje Slaný. Nástup šedého zákalu je možné navyše oddialiť aj nosením kvalitných slnečných, ale aj korekčných okuliarov so 100% UV filtrami.

Ďalšou pomerne častou očnou chybou v starobe býva zelený zákal alebo glaukóm. Ten môže byť spočiatku asymptomatický a mnoho ľudí si neuvedomuje, že ho má, kým nie je už príliš neskoro. „Obtiaže spojené s výpadkami zorného poľa, poruchou periférneho videnia či zníženou zrakovou ostrosťou nastávajú až v neskorších fázach choroby, kedy už nemusí byť cesta späť. Aj preto je dôležité pravidelne navštevovať očného lekára, najmä ak máte v rodine príbuzných s glaukómom alebo ste v rizikovej skupine pre jeho vznik,“ upozorňuje optometrista.

Zdroj foto: Shutterstock

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