Rímske kúpele

Z dochovaných historických prameňov vieme, že antické kúpele boli centrom spoločenského života celej rímskej ríše a neslúžili len k očiste.Napriek tomu, že bohatí Rimania mali vlastné domáce kúpele, ich spoločenské postavenie vyžadovalo, aby navštevovali aj tie verejné.

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Preberali sa tam novinky zo spoločnosti, uzatvárali obchody, vystavovali rôzne umelecké diela a uskutočňovali opulentné hody. Prístup do kúpeľov mali skoro všetky spoločenské vrstvy bez rozdielu pohlavia aj vďaka symbolickému vstupnému. V čase významných sviatkov,  bol vstup do kúpeľov voľný.  Pôvodne boli kúpele spoločné pre mužov a ženy. Tento stav sa zmenil za vlády cisára Hadriána  (117-138), ktorý  zmenil tento úzus z dôvodu promiskuitného a vulgárneho správania niektorých návštevníkov kúpeľov.

Zo začiatku kúpele slúžili na odpočinok či kúpanie. Neskôr priestory rozširovali na športovanie a trénovanie. Antické kúpele tvoril komplex rôznych budov a miestností, podľa svojho zamerania.
Ihrisko (palestra) bolo obohnané  stĺporadím a vysypané štrkom alebo pieskom. Rimanom slúžilo ku hrám či k zápaseniu.
Hlavný bazén (piscina) slúžil k relaxácii a kúpaniu. V hlavnom bazéne bola voda prihrievaná na pocitovo príjemnú teplotu, preto tam často návštevníci diskutovali a nezriedka si dohovárali vášnivé stretnutia.  Bohatí Rimania tam prichádzali v sprievode  svojich otrokýň a otrokov, ktorí okrem masáží  boli pripravení plniť aj erotické priania ich pánov.

Antické kúpele boli na tú dobu technickým zázrakom pre dômyselné riešenie kúrenia a zásobovania vodou. Teplá voda bola v staroveku veľmi vzácna, preto sa nachádzajú mnohé antické kúpele pri žriedlach s termálnymi prameňmi.
Systém vodovod  a ohrievačov, slúžil na rozvod teplej vody a ochladzovanie vody v studených kúpeľoch (frigidárium). Frigidárium slúžilo k schladeniu tela po saune. Nachádzal sa tu menší bazén s teplotou 10-12°C.

Vlažná voda a vyhrievané miestnosti so stenami sa nachádzali v tepidáriu. Tu sa teplota vzduchu vyšplhala na 40°C a vlhkosť na 20%. V saune v tzv. caldariu sa nachádzali teplé kúpele s teplou vodou približne  55°C a vlhkosťou vzduchu okolo 100%. 

Nakoniec to boli obľúbené oddychové a relaxačné priestory. Práve tam bývali na dennom programe sexuálne orgie – skupinový sex, lesbický sex. Orálny sex v kúpeľoch  bol povolený len s otrokyňou.

Majestátne verejné kúpele sa stavali počas celej éry rímskeho cisárstva. Mali veľkolepé rozmery, stĺporadia, klenby a kopule. Steny aj podlahy boli dekorované maľbami, štukom, vzácnymi kameňmi (alabaster, mramor, žula) a nádhernými mozaikami.

Zachované antické kúpele

V dnešnom Tunisku môžete vidieť Antoniové kúpele, ktoré sú svedectvom antického Kartága a pochádzajú z 2.st.n.l. Nachádza sa tam 90 km dlhý akvadukt, ktorý  Rimania vystavali pre účely schladzovania v kúpeľoch.

Po dôkladnej renovacií sú od roku 2012 sprístupnené pre verejnosť Stabijské kúpele v Pompejách. Pompeje zničil výbuch sopky Vezuv v roku 74. Vulkanický popol zakonzervoval budovy a predmety, vrátane kúpeľov. Preto dnes si môžu návštevníci prezrieť ako mesto a kúpele vyzerali. Kúpele sú rozdelené na mužskú a ženskú časť ústredným kúrením. Cez šatne sa vstupovalo najskôr do tepidária, potom do caldária a nakoniec do frigidária.

Obnovené a  funkčné rímske mestské kúpele zo začiatku 4. storočia n. l. sa nachádzajú neďaleko našich hraníc  v archeologickom parku Carnuntum. Impozantný areál je vyzdobený štukami, maľbami a mramorovou výzdobou.

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