Drahé kamene

Diamanty, rubíny, smaragdy, zafíry, akvamaríny... majú ojedinelé vlastnosti, sú výnimočne krásne a ťažko dostupné; hovoríme im drahé kamene. Drahé kamene sprevádzajú človeka oddávna. Veľkými obdivovateľmi a znalcami drahých kameňov boli Gréci, Rimania a Byzantínci. 

drahokamy_istockphoto

Zdroj foto: iStockphoto

Európa však výraznejší záujem o drahé kamene zaznamenala až v 15. storočí spolu s rozvojom obchodu a vedy. Kamene, ktoré radíme do kategórie "drahé", sa v dnešnej dobe nevyhnú procesom zušľachťovania. Upravuje sa ich farba (môže sa zvýrazňovať, oslabovať, ale aj meniť) a retušujú sa ich drobné nedostatky (prasklinky, póry, uzavreniny). Používajú sa k tomu farby, lúhy, kyseliny, oleje, živice, teplo, radioaktívne žiarenie, lejzer... K zušľachťovacím procesom patrí aj homogenizácia úlomkov drahých kameňov vplyvom tlaku a tepla, výsledkom ktorej sú tzv. rekonštruované kamene (tyrkys, jantár).

DIAMANT je kráľom drahých kameňov. Je to najtvrdší minerál, ktorý tvorí čistý uhlík. Môže byť bezfarebný, sivý, ružový, zelený, modrý, žltý, hnedý a čierny. Fascinujúca krása brúseného diamantu (briliantu) je daná jeho schopnosťou rozkladať svetelný lúč v rôznych uhloch na celé spektrum farieb.

Diamanty vznikajú pôsobením vysokej teploty a tlaku v hĺbke okolo 80 km. Do 18. storočia sa diamanty ťažili iba v Indii (hlavne zo sekundárnych ložísk, napr. riečnych štrkov), odkiaľ pochádza aj väčšina slávnych diamantov. Potom prišla na rad Brazília a o niečo neskôr južná Afrika (primárne ložiská). V súčasnosti je hlavným producentom diamantov Austrália.

Kvalitné diamanty musia mať štyri "c": color, cut, clarity, carat (farbu, brús, čistotu, váhu). Súčasťou seriózneho predaja briliantov je certifikát. Pozor(!), brilianty treba chrániť pred nárazom - sú krehké.

Tip:

- Do Európy sa dostali prvé diamanty v 6 - 5. st. p.n.l. Z daného obdobia pochádza grécka bronzová soška s neopracovanými diamantmi, ktorú možno vidieť v londýnskom Museum of Natural History.
- Diamanty podporujú porozumenie, toleranciu, vernosť a vôľu prekonávať škodlivé návyky.

RUBÍN je odroda korundu, ktorý má rôzne odtiene červenej farby. Hovorí sa mu tiež kameň farby holubej krvi. Svojou vzácnosťou sa rovná diamantu. K najcennejším patria čisté sýtočervené rubíny, asterické rubíny (s efektom asterizmu - žiary v tvare šesťcípej hviezdy) a rubíny s efektom mačacieho oka.

Podľa záznamov pochádzajú najstaršie rubíny z nálezísk v Barme. Odtiaľ sa obchodnými cestami dostali do Egypta, Grécka a Ríma, kde boli mimoriadne obľúbené najmä v stredoveku - chránili pred diablom a morom; dodnes sa im hovorí kamene života. Celý rad unikátnych rubínov sa nachádza v klenotniciach indických kniežat a v poklade bývalého iránskeho šacha.

Tip:

- Jeden z najväčších rubínov na svete (250 karátový) možno vidieť v Prahe ako súčasť Svätováclavskej koruny.
- Rubíny podporujú srdce, vitalitu a kreativitu.
- Červený korund treba chrániť pred teplom - môže zmeniť farbu.

SMARAGD je zelená, najvzácnejšia odroda berylu. "Smaragdovozelená" farba je všeobecne známy farebný odtieň; avšak okrem žiarivej sýtozelenej farby môžu mať kryštály smaragdu aj tmavozelený odtieň. Smaragd bol v minulosti považovaný za kráľa drahokamov a pre mnohých je ním aj naďalej. Objavoval sa už v egyptských hrobkách (najstaršie nálezisko smaragdov je v Hornom Egypte - tzv. Kleopatrine bane) a stal sa neodmysliteľnou súčasťou najkrajších klenotov a mimoriadne vzácnych umeleckých predmetov.

Smaragdy bývajú málokedy bez kazov, preto väčšina z nich absolvuje proces zušľachťovania. Najkvalitnejšie smaragdy majú kolumbijský pôvod. Pri smaragdoch sa z dôvodov minimalizácie strát zvyčajne používa stupňový "smaragdový brús", pri mimoriadne čistých kameňoch aj "briliantový brús".

Pozor(!), smaragd je veľmi krehký kameň, ktorý citlivo reaguje na náraz, tlak a zmeny teplôt.

Tip:

- Pri smaragdoch platí zákaz čistenia ultrazvukom a parou.
- Smaragdy posilňujú zrak, pamäť, intelekt a eliminujú stres, bezradnosť a depresie.

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