Pozor na dermatologické ochorenia u najmenších

 „Ich rozsah je pomerne veľký. Jednak sú to kožné ochorenia, ktoré sa objavujú už u novorodencov, a druhú skupinu tvoria kožné ochorenia u starších detí,“ hovorí dermatologička polikliniky FRAIS MUDr. Lucia Michael.

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Slnko a spálená pokožka?

Hoci v lete je pre detskú pokožku pobyt na priamom slnku nebezpečný, ako poukazujú odborníci, výpočet dermatologických ochorení, s ktorým mamičky zavítajú do ordinácie, je oveľa väčší a treba mu venovať rovnako veľkú pozornosť. „Kožné ochorenia u detí možno rozdeliť podľa veku. U novorodencov a dojčiat bývajú najčastejšími atopická, seboroická a plienková dermatitída, u väčších detí, ktoré už navštevujú kolektívy materských či základných škôl, sú to zas infekčné bakteriálne ochorenia, prípadne vírusové ochorenia,“ spresňuje dermatologička bratislavskej polikliniky FRAIS MUDr. Lucia Michael.

Špecifiká detskej kože

„Koža u detí je v porovnaní s dospelými úplne iná. Je mylné si myslieť, že dieťa je malý dospelý, pretože epiderma, teda vrchná vrstva kože, je u malých detí oveľa tenšia, medzibunkové spojenia v koži sú slabšie, a koža tak oveľa rýchlejšie reaguje na podráždenie,“ upozorňuje dermatologička Lucia Michael.

U najmenších detí, v podstate už u novorodencov, ktorí nosia plienky, je tak najčastejším ochorením kontaktná plienková dermatitída. Najčastejšie sa vyskytuje na povrchu kože v priamom kontakte s plienkou, teda v genitálnej oblasti, ale môže zasahovať aj na brucho a dokonca aj na krížovú oblasť chrbta. Nie je tiež výnimočné, že sa niekedy objaví aj na vnútornej ploche stehien. Ide v podstate o vzájomnú reakciu látok vyskytujúcich sa v moči a v stolici s baktériami a kvasinkami vo vlhkom prostredí v uzavretom priestore plienky. „Až 50 % detí, ktoré nosia plienky, máva počas obdobia nosenia plienky prejav plienkovej dermatitídy. Najčastejšie je to okolo 9 až 12 mesiaca života,“ konštatuje MUDr. Lucia Michael.

Aj závažné stavy

Väčšina mamičiek sa v snahe vyriešiť „plienkový problém“ utieka k častému kúpaniu, no najmä čisteniu rôznou kozmetikou a až vytieraniu pokožky dieťaťa tak, že jemnú pokožku ešte viac dráždi. Najlepšou prevenciou vzniku plienkovej dermatitídy je však podľa dermatologičky udržať kožu čistú a suchú, aj pokiaľ ide o plienku. Tú treba vymieňať často, nie tak, ako popisujú v reklamách. Dôležité je umývanie kože pod tečúcou vodou, používať jemné mydlá a minimalizovať používanie utierok s alkoholom. Ak sa dá, nechávať častejšie dieťa bez plienky. „Nutné je tiež zlepšiť bariérovú funkciu kože jej premasťovaním,“ konštatuje MUDr. Lucia Michael. Napríklad používať lokálne krémy proti zapareninám.

Pozor však na závažnejšie stavy, ak sú prejavy mokvavé, zapálené a spôsobujú bábätku bolesť. V takých prípadoch je potrebné čo najskôr navštíviť dermatovenerológa. „Pri závažnejších stavoch je nutná aj hospitalizácia. Vlhká pokožka je v zavretých podmienkach náchylnejšia k poškodeniu trením, ľahšie do nej prestupujú rôzne dráždivé látky a vytvára sa vhodné prostredie na rast mikroorganizmov. Významne tu pôsobia aj rôzne zložky, najmä enzýmy, ktoré sú lokalizované v stolici,“ podotýka. Často tak dochádza k ďalšej infekcii. „V tomto prípade to často bývajú kvasinky, kedy sa vytvárajú pustulky a postupne dochádza ku golierikovému ošupovaniu kože. Takáto kandidová infekcia sa potom môže šíriť aj do ďalších lokalít,“ podotýka. 

Atopikmi už dojčatá

Veľmi častým dermatologickým zápalovým ochorením detí je atopická dermatitída. „Do 6. rokov života vznikajú prejavy atopickej dermatitídy až u 70 % pacientov, pričom najviac ich je vo veku do 3 rokov,“ spresňuje MUDr. Lucia Michael. Prejavy závisia od veku.

Tzv. dojčenská od dvoch do štyroch mesiacov života sa prejavuje najmä výrazným svrbivým prejavom predovšetkým vo vlasoch a na lícach, no môže sa šíriť na celú hlavičku, neskôr sa ložiská ohraničujú do ohybových častí tela,“ vysvetľuje dermatologička FRAIS. Medzi 1. a 2. rokom života ide o detskú formu s prejavmi predovšetkým v oblasti lakťových a zákolenných jamiek, krku, okolo členkov a zápästia. „V prípade dospievajúcich, teda adolescentov, a dospelých, sa zas atopická dermatitída vyskytuje v miestach ohybov končatín, no môže byť postihnutá aj horná časť hrudníka, tvár a ruky,“ spresňuje doktorka Lucia Michael.

„Aj tu je v prípade liečby nevyhnutná spolupráca medzi rodičom a dermatológom,“ prízvukuje lekárka. Koža atopika si totiž tiež vyžaduje každodennú domácu starostlivosť, najmä je dôležité jej premasťovanie a hydratovanie, v prípade zhoršenia stavu konzultácia s lekárom a dodržanie jeho pokynov a liečby. Pozor si treba dať aj na životosprávu a stravu, najmä ak je dokázaný potravinový spúšťať, ktorý stav kože zhoršuje.

Dve tretiny novorodencov so seboroickou dermatitídou

Ako poznamenáva dermatologička FRAIS, tretím najčastejším zápalovým dermatologickým ochorením, s ktorým prichádzajú najmenšie deti do dermatologickej ambulancie, je seboroická dermatitída. „Diagnostikovaná je až u dvoch tretín detí v období medzi 3 týždňami a 3 mesiacmi po narodení. Výskyt v dospelosti je už menší, tam je to okolo 3 až 5 percent,“ spresňuje MUDr. Lucia Michael. Seboroická dermatitída sa prejavuje nadmernou tvorbou kožného mazu. U detí má charakter tvorby mastných, žltkastých šupín, často postihuje intertriginózne oblasti, ako podpazušie a vnútornú stranu stehien, ďalej hrudník a vlasatú časť hlavy. „Viditeľné sú prítomné mastné žltavé mastné šupiny a začervenanie,“ podotýka. Objavuje sa však aj v puberte a takisto v dospelosti. Je to chronické ochorenie, preto je liečba záležitosťou na celý život. Dôležité je dodržiavať pokyny dermatológa a v rámci liečby upraviť aj životosprávu, najmä stravu s obmedzením cukrov, vhodné sú aj kúpele a pobyt pri mori a dostatok stravy bohatej na vitamíny a minerály.

Zdroj foto: Freepik

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