Zakázané suveníry z letnej dovolenky - tieto rastliny si domov neberte

Rastliny a rastlinné výrobky patria medzi obľúbené suveníry z dovolenky. Okrem mastnej pokuty riskujete, že si spolu s nimi domov donesiete rastlinných škodcov, ktorí môžu výrazne narušiť biodiverzitu celej krajiny. Zákaz sa vzťahuje na kaktusy, orchidey a cykasy, ale aj na avokádo či zemiaky.

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Ing. Juraj Pénzeš, Zuzana Delaneuville, Ing. Katarína Fašiangová, PhD

Mnoho ľudí si neuvedomuje, že prevážaním rastlín v batožine porušuje zákon. „Európska únia v roku 2019 vydala nariadenie o zdraví rastlín, ktoré chráni pred zavlečením nepôvodných druhov škodcov a chorôb rastlín do EÚ. Podľa nariadenia EÚ nie je povolené doviezť na územie EÚ žiadnu rastlinu alebo rastlinný materiál, pokiaľ nie sú sprevádzané rastlinolekárskym osvedčením, tzv. fytocertifikátom, ktorý vydáva národná organizácia ochrany rastlín - fytoinšpekcia - v danej krajine pôvodu,” hovorí Ing. Juraj Pénzeš, riaditeľ odboru rastlinnej výroby Ministerstva pôdohospodárstva a rozvoja vidieka SR (MPRV SR).

Výnimku majú iba banány, kokosy, ananásy, duriany a datle. Všetky ostatné rastliny, rastlinné produkty, korene, osivá, zelenina či ovocie potrebujú pri dovoze z tretích krajín rastlinolekárske osvedčenie. Pozor si ale treba dávať aj pri nákupe a prevoze rôznych výrobkov z dreva či trstiny, ktoré tiež môžu byť napadnuté škodcami.

Podľa odhadov Organizácie Spojených národov pre výživu a poľnohospodárstvo (FAO) sa až 40 % celkovej úrody určenej na výrobu potravín nevyužije z dôvodu strát spôsobených škodcami a chorobami, ktoré napádajú rastliny.

Za nelegálny dovoz hrozí mastná pokuta

Príslušník finančnej správy počas výkonu colnej kontroly rastliny alebo rastlinné produkty bez rastlinolekárskeho osvedčenia v batožine zhabe a tento tovar je následne zničený, bez nároku náhrady škody. Ak však navyše ide o chránený druh, nielen že nedostanete odškodnenie, ale ešte aj zaplatíte mastnú pokutu. Chránené druhy rastlín a živočíchov podliehajú Dohovoru o medzinárodnom obchode s ohrozenými druhmi voľne žijúcich  živočíchov a rastlín. Viac ako 37 000 je pod dohľadom, obchod s takmer 1 100 druhmi je úplne zakázaný.

„Medzi chránené exotické rastliny patria napríklad kaktusy, orchidey či cykasy,” hovorí mjr. JUDr. Zuzana Delaneuville, vedúca oddelenia zákazov a obmedzení Finančného riaditeľstva SR. „Nelegálny dovoz rastlín sa vďaka osvete každoročne znižuje, avšak aj naďalej evidujeme niekoľko prípadov ročne, najmä v rámci poštovej prepravy. Slováci si zo zahraničia najčastejšie pokúšajú doviezť semená, cibuľky, odrezky rôznych druhov kvetín, zeleniny a ovocia z krajín ako Spojené kráľovstvo, Spojené štáty americké, Ukrajina. Za colný priestupok možno podľa závažnosti porušenia colných predpisov uložiť pokutu do výšky 3 319 eur, v prípade závažného porušenia hrozí aj väzenie,” upozorňuje Delaneuville.

Na zozname zakázaných rastlín sú avokádo aj zemiaky

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Niektoré druhy rastlín si domov neprinesiete ani s rastlinolekárskym osvedčením. Ich dovoz na územie EÚ je totiž dočasne zakázaný. Tieto tzv. vysokorizikové rastliny boli relevantnými úradmi identifikované ako potenciálne nebezpečné pre zdravie rastlín v EÚ z dôvodu ich náchylnosti na škodcov a choroby či pôvodu v oblasti s prítomnosťou škodcov a chorôb, ktoré sa zatiaľ na území EÚ nevyskytujú.

„Zoznam týchto rastlín je rozsiahly a pravidelne upravovaný. Európska komisia nepretržite vyhodnocuje riziká, ktoré tieto rastliny predstavujú pre krajiny EÚ, a vydáva nariadenia, ktorými sa dovoz z určitých krajín povoľuje po splnení legislatívou stanovených podmienok. Zákaz sa vo väčšine prípadov vzťahuje na rastliny na ďalšie pestovanie, čiže rastliny určené na výsadbu alebo pestovanie, nie na priamu spotrebu alebo spracovanie. Na zoznam patria exotickejšie rastliny, ale aj také, ktoré pestujeme aj u nás. Aktuálne to sú napríklad avokádo, hurmikaki, čerimoja, rastliny viniča okrem plodov či sadivo zemiakov,” vysvetľuje Ing. Juraj Pénzeš.

Avokádo je aktuálne zakázané dovážať zo všetkých tretích krajín okrem Izraela, hurmikaki a čerimoja sa nesmú dovážať zo žiadnej tretej krajiny a na rastliny viniča a sadivo zemiakov platí zákaz dovozu zo všetkých tretích krajín okrem Švajčiarska. 

Rastliny si na pamiatku len vyfoťte

Dôležitosť ochrany zdravia rastlín pripomína práve prebiehajúca osvetová kampaň Európskeho úradu pre bezpečnosť potravín (EFSA) a Európskej komisie. „Nové invazívne druhy škodcov v našich podmienkach väčšinou nemajú prirodzených nepriateľov a zvyknú byť odolné proti prípravkom na ochranu rastlín, preto je okrem včasnej detekcie extrémne dôležitá aj prevencia. Kľúčovú rolu v tomto procese okrem odborníkov hrá aj verejnosť, na čo upozorňujeme v rámci kampane na podporu zdravia rastlín #PlantHealth4Life. Cestovateľom odporúčame - radšej si rastlinu na pamiatku odfoťte, ale neberte si ju domov,” uzatvára Ing. Katarína Fašiangová, PhD., poverená vykonávaním funkcie riaditeľky Odboru bezpečnosti potravín a výživy MPRV SR, na ktorom sídli národný Kontaktný bod EFSA v SR.

O kampani

#PlantHealth4Life je niekoľkoročná medzinárodná kampaň vypracovaná na žiadosť Európskej komisie, ktorá vychádza z hĺbkovej analýzy vnímania a správania obyvateľov v oblasti zdravia rastlín v celej EÚ. Tento rok kampaň zahŕňa 21 členských štátov a jednu kandidátsku krajinu, čím sa zdvojnásobil dosah z predchádzajúceho roka: Belgicko, Cyprus, Česko, Čierna Hora, Dánsko, Estónsko, Fínsko, Francúzsko, Grécko, Chorvátsko, Írsko, Litva, Lotyšsko, Maďarsko, Malta, Nemecko, Poľsko, Portugalsko, Slovensko, Slovinsko, Španielsko a Švédsko.

Viac informácií o kampani nájdete na oficiálnej webovej stránke:

www.efsa.europa.eu/sk/plh4l 


 

O EFSA

Európsky úrad pre bezpečnosť potravín je agentúra Európskej únie, ktorá bola zriadená v roku 2002 s cieľom slúžiť ako nestranný zdroj vedeckého poradenstva manažérom pre riziká a informovať o rizikách súvisiacich s potravinovým reťazcom. Spolupracuje so zainteresovanými stranami s cieľom podporovať súdržnosť vedeckého poradenstva EÚ a poskytuje vedecký základ pre tvorbu legislatívy na ochranu európskych spotrebiteľov pred rizikami súvisiacimi s potravinami – stratégia „Z farmy na stôl“.

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    accentuated by creatine supplementation [4].
    In previous studies, creatine supplementation promoted an increase in muscle mass throughout resistance training with
    a progressive overload improve [12,81]. Nonetheless,
    Cooke et al. [82] noticed that 12 weeks of creatine supplementation did
    not modify the lean mass, muscle strength, complete myofibrillar
    protein content material, and/or muscle fiber cross-sectional space in men undergoing resistance training.

    Equally, creatine supplementation did not promote any direct anabolic effect on the skeletal muscles of rats that had been submitted to five weeks
    of intense leaping resistance coaching [48].
    New forms of creatine include less of the energetic principal
    creatine in comparison to CM; nevertheless, creatine salts can offer a
    bonus over CM with regard to solubility. New forms of creatine are marketed with claims of improved physical, chemical, and physiological properties compared to
    CM. Claims embrace improved stability when mixed with other components or
    in liquids, improved solubility in water, improved bioavailability, and even an increase in performance.
    This review will consider the obtainable literature on new types of creatine and examine them to out there
    information on CM in phrases of efficacy and safety.

    In addition, the present international regulatory status of the various types of
    creatine that are commercially out there shall be examined.
    Undoubtedly, Creatine Nitrate is a relatively newer form of creatine supplementation. That’s why there's limited research available on its particular unwanted aspect effects in comparability
    with more established forms like Creatine Monohydrate.

    Although this type of creatine supplementation is more water soluble, it's
    not regarded as better absorbed. Researchers
    concluded that three grams of creatine HCL did not lead to improved
    efficiency or hormonal changes compared to creatine monohydrate.
    Creatine HCL, also recognized as creatine hydrochloride, is certainly one
    of the newer types of creatine out there in the marketplace.
    It is about 72% creatine by weight and exists as a creatine molecule sure with
    hydrochloric acid. Given the comparatively low risk
    of supplementation, we really feel it’s reasonable to take creatine for a potential
    modest profit in efficiency in most circumstances.
    Individuals with present kidney illness, who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or who have adverse reactions to creatine
    mustn't use supplemental creatine supplied.

    Creatine monohydrate and creatine ethyl ester are the two major supplemental forms of creatine.
    General, creatine monohydrate is the gold standard type that's reasonably priced, secure, and extremely effective for improving
    exercise performance. Some people experience bloating and water weight gain when starting creatine monohydrate.
    Malate is dearer, however the muscle mass built
    on it has higher high quality. Synthesis of creatine in the body is a long-term course
    of, whereas vitamins containing this ingredient permit us to deliver it to the physique almost instantly.
    Creatine, once it’s found in muscle fibre cells, enters the mitochondria and is involved
    in the formation of ATP.
    If you’re new to creatine supplementation, you in all probability surprise
    which kind is best for you. In this double-blind study, topics had been divided into 4 teams to compare the results of creatine hcl vs monohydrate on athletic
    efficiency, plasma testosterone, and plasma cortisol. In this
    text, we'll deep dive into the differences between these
    types of creatine dietary supplements. We'll discuss every little thing from
    their safety, effectiveness, and the best way to make use of
    them. The downside is that creatine HCL is new, so little or no analysis is out there.

    Extreme concentration of this compound can lead to irritation of the digestive tract and problems with the kidney or liver.
    Regardless Of the reality that malate is by no means inferior to monohydrate, it’s a lot less
    in style than its "competitor". Out of one hundred
    bodily active males taking in their creatine supplementation, solely 15 makes use of malate, the remaining eighty five using
    monohydrate. Creatine binds to adenosine triphosphate in mitochondria
    and converts to phosphocreatine.
    This further creatine permits your muscles to retailer more energy, giving you a harder workout
    however with faster restoration. MyHC isoforms had been quantified after electrophoresis
    in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) [46,47].

    Frozen samples have been mechanically homogenized in a protein extraction solution containing a
    50 mM phosphate potassium lysis buffer zero.5 mL/50 mg tissue.
    The total protein quantification was carried out in supernatant aliquots by the Bradford methodology.
    Small volumes of the diluted extracts (10 μL) had been loaded onto a 7–10%
    SDS-PAGE separating gel with a 4% stacking gel, which was run overnight (27 h) at 70 V and
    stained with Coomassie blue R (Sigma-Aldrich®, St.
    Louis, MO, USA). MyHC isoforms have been quantified
    by densitometry and recognized primarily based on predominant fiber varieties in studied muscle tissue samples,
    as reported previously [48,49,50].
    We purpose to provide a complete understanding of both types, enabling readers to make
    an informed choice on which could finest suit their fitness
    targets and health considerations. A typical creatine supplementation protocol of both a loading part of 20 to
    25 g CM/d or 0.three g CM/kg/d break up into four to 5 day by day intakes
    of 5 g each have been really helpful to quickly saturate creatine shops in the skeletal muscle.
    Nevertheless a extra reasonable protocol where a quantity of smaller doses of creatine are
    ingested alongside the day (20 intakes of 1 g every
    30 min) could presumably be a greater strategy to get a maximal saturation of the intramuscular creatine retailer.
    In order to maintain the maximal saturation of physique creatine, the loading part
    must be followed by a upkeep interval of 3-5 g CM/d or zero.03 g CM/kg/d.

    Scale Back your consumption of foods containing sugar and refined carbohydrates if attainable through the first week of
    your creatine program. Your physique will have a neater time processing all the extra energy and carbohydrates, which can help decrease unwanted effects corresponding to bloating.
    The main objective of creatine is to supply energy
    for high-intensity actions similar to weightlifting.

    It does this by acting as a fast vitality supply for
    muscle cells, which increases the pace at which they'll
    produce short bursts of energy often recognized
    as ATP.
    Research reporting phosphocreatine and total creatine levels in main depressive
    disorder. Multiple sources of proof, from epidemiology, genetics, biochemistry, and neuroimaging,
    point out that bioenergetic abnormalities contribute to the event of depressive signs in each MDD and bipolar disorder
    (BD). Together, they recommend that compounds that might improve mind energy storage, like creatine,
    could contribute to the therapy of depression. Human analysis on CreatT1 expression has been fairly restricted to well being
    and illness points [16-19]. Nevertheless, some studies have examined how Cr supplementation in humans
    impacts CreaT gene expression in vegetarians [20], males versus females [21], and between young and elderly individuals [22].

    Initially, it will increase the water content of the muscular tissues, making them
    seem bigger. Regarding mixtures with carbohydrates, protein, and/or caffeine there isn’t much in the finest way of 
    long term data exhibiting a distinction in muscle creatine content when taken with or with out these co-ingredients.

    It is unlikely any of those ingredients alter muscle or complete body
    ranges of creatine considerably with supplementation.
    Equally, there aren't any safety research in pregnant ladies,
    although some preclinical trials in animals show there may be some profit if oxygen provide to the fetus is compromised.
    [31] Exterior of the analysis setting, supplementing creatine
    throughout pregnancy and while breastfeeding might be not a
    fantastic thought. Throughout these intervals of time, small enhancements in muscular strength power
    adaptations are usually not worth the threat of supplementation.
    Some evidence reveals that creatine magnesium chelate is as
    effective because the monohydrate type. Nonetheless, restricted info is on the market, and it doesn’t appear to be superior.
    Because of this, plainly creatine magnesium chelate could additionally be an efficient form, but it isn’t better than standard monohydrate forms.

    Both the monohydrate and magnesium chelate teams improved
    their efficiency more than the placebo group, however there was no difference between them.

    Imply variations between circumstances together with the 95%
    CI are displayed in Determine four. Capillary blood samples
    had been taken from the left earlobe twice in the course of the resting
    period, after the warm-up, immediately after the dash, and then every minute for
    8 min after the 15-s cycle dash. For the dedication of lactate concentration, capillary blood samples (20
    μL) have been collected from the earlobe into an end-to-end capillary (20 μL, EKF Diagnostic).
    Instantly after assortment, the stuffed capillary was combined with a hemolyzing answer.
    Blood lactate concentrations have been measured amperometric-enzymatically utilizing the Biosen C-Line (EKF Diagnostics).
    The all-out cycle sprint was performed in a seated position using the
    large chainring (if applicable) of the participant’s bike and
    the 15-tooth cog of the ergometer. The recording of the
    test began once the cadence exceeded 30 RPM as per ergometer settings.

    Right Here high vitality phosphate is transferred from creatine phosphate and, when mixed with
    ADP, regenerates ATP (2). These studies counsel that creatine could, along with its
    function in power storage, function as a neurotransmitter.
    These intracellular indicators have been implicated within the pathogenesis
    of depression [35,36], doubtlessly due to their effects on synaptic sprouting, mediated by BDNF [37].
    Most studies have reported an increase in intramuscular creatine ranges with supplementation; nevertheless, variability does exist.
    This poses the potential scenario of "responders" versus "nonresponders" to creatine supplementation. It is hypothesized that a lot of this variability
    lies throughout the regulation and exercise of the
    creatine transporter.

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    Testosterone Injections: Uses, Side Effects & Warnings



    Uses:




    Hypogonadism (low testosterone levels)


    Aging-related decline in testosterone production


    Androgen deficiency in various conditions


    Breast cancer treatment in some cases





    Side Effects:




    Injection site reactions (redness, swelling)


    Pain or discomfort at the injection site


    Acute reactions like difficulty breathing, dizziness, or chest pain (rare)


    Long-term effects: cardiovascular issues, blood clots, increased risk of certain cancers





    Warnings:




    Not recommended for individuals with heart disease, uncontrolled high blood pressure, or a history of blood clots


    Consult a healthcare provider before use if you have a personal or family history of certain cancers (e.g., breast, prostate)


    Stop injections if unexpected side effects occur






    Testosterone Injection

    Testosterone injections are a form of hormone therapy used to treat conditions related to
    low testosterone levels in both men and women. These injections provide a regulated dose of testosterone, which can help
    restore normal hormonal function and improve symptoms associated with deficiency.



    What is testosterone?

    Testosterone is a hormone produced naturally by the body, primarily by
    the testicles in men and the ovaries in women. It plays a crucial role in maintaining energy levels,
    bone density, mood, and overall health. When testosterone levels drop
    below normal, it can lead to various health issues, including fatigue, reduced libido, and cognitive decline.



    Warnings

    - Testosterone injections should only be used under the
    guidance of a healthcare provider. Self-administration without
    medical supervision can be risky.
    - If you experience injection site reactions, such as pain or swelling, seek medical attention promptly.


    - Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use testosterone injections.

    - Inform your doctor if you have a history of blood clots, heart issues,
    high cholesterol, or diabetes before using this treatment.


    Before taking this medicine

    - Inform your healthcare provider about all medical conditions,
    including a history of heart disease, blood clots, strokes, high
    blood pressure, or diabetes.
    - Discuss any history of severe acne or hair loss in women with your doctor before starting
    treatment.
    - Do not use testosterone injections if you have a
    hypersensitivity reaction to the medication or its components.



    How is testosterone injection given?

    Testosterone injections are typically administered intramuscular (into the
    muscle) every 7 to 14 days, depending on the dosage and individual needs.

    The injections must be given by a healthcare
    professional, as self-injection can lead to complications.




    What happens if I miss a dose?

    If you miss an injection, contact your doctor immediately for guidance.

    Missing doses can lead to suboptimal hormone
    levels and may worsen existing symptoms.


    What happens if I overdose?

    Overdosing on testosterone injections can cause serious
    health issues, including acute adrenal reactions, excessive growth of body hair, and severe side effects.
    Immediate medical attention is required in such cases.




    What should I avoid while receiving testosterone
    injection?

    - Avoid consuming alcohol while using this medication, as it can increase the risk of side effects.


    - Do not use anabolic steroids or other performance-enhancing drugs without consulting your doctor.



    Testosterone side effects

    Common side effects may include:
    - Injection site pain or swelling
    - Acne or skin irritation
    - Changes in cholesterol levels
    - Increased blood pressure
    - Mood changes or irritability

    In rare cases, more serious side effects can occur, such as:
    - Blood clots or strokes
    - Damage to the liver or kidneys
    - Development of breast tissue in men


    Related/similar drugs

    - **Premarin**: Estrogen therapy used for menopausal symptoms.

    - **Estrace**: Estrogen replacement for menopausal women.
    - **Mounjaro**: Combination hormone therapy.
    - **Provera**: Progestin therapy for menstrual regulation or postpartum issues.


    - **Proscar**: Used to treat enlarged prostates.

    - **Depo Provera**: Long-term contraceptive with progestin.
    - **Zoladex**: Goserelin, used to suppress ovulation during fertility treatments.

    - **Fluorouracil**: Chemotherapy drug, not directly
    related but can affect testosterone levels.
    - **Megestrol**: Progestin therapy for cancer or appetite stimulation.
    - **Medroxyprogesterone**: Progesterone therapy for various
    conditions.


    What other drugs will affect testosterone?



    - Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs)
    - Antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines)
    - Blood thinners medications
    - Alcohol


    Does testosterone interact with my other drugs?



    Always inform your doctor of all medications, vitamins, or supplements you are taking before starting
    testosterone injections. Some interactions can affect how
    the medication works or increase the risk of side effects.




    Popular FAQ

    1. **Can women use testosterone injections?**
    - Yes, but only under medical supervision and for specific conditions like osteoporosis or hypogonadism.


    2. **What are the risks of using anabolic steroids?**
    - Severe health risks, including organ damage and addiction.

    3. **How often should I inject testosterone?**
    - Dosage and frequency depend on individual needs and medical advice.



    References

    - National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidelines
    - American College of Rheumatology
    - Endocrine Society


    Further information

    - Consult your healthcare provider for personalized advice.

    - Patient resources available on manufacturer websites.

    - Professional resources for healthcare providers.

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