Štyri typy elektrifikovaných pohonov Toyota. Na čo slúži batéria v každom z nich?

Základom každého elektrifikovaného pohonu je trakčná batéria. Nachádza sa v klasických hybridoch, plug-in hybridoch a elektromobiloch a dokonca aj vo vodíkových autách poháňaných palivovými článkami. No jej úloha v každom z týchto prevedení je mierne odlišná.

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História trakčných batérií a elektromotorov v sériových automobiloch sa začala písať v roku 1997 debutom hybridného modelu Prius. Od začiatku išlo o veľmi pokrokový systém pohonu, založený na spolupráci benzínového motora s elektrickým a druhého elektromotora, ktorý slúžil najmä ako generátor. Energia vyrobená generátorom, ktorá sa nevyužije, ide okamžite do batérie.

Súčasné hybridy štvrtej a piatej generácie fungujú na rovnakom princípe, hoci každý prvok systému je oveľa menší, ľahší a efektívnejší a softvér riadi celok tak, aby čo najčastejšie využíval výlučne elektromotor s nulovými emisiami.

Hybridy piatej generácie – dôraz na výkon a potešenie z jazdy

Piata generácia hybridného pohonu je navrhnutá pre väčší výkon, dynamiku a potešenie z jazdy. Výkon systému 1,8 vzrástol zo 122 na 140 koní a systém s motorom 2,0 má namiesto 184 teraz 196 koní. Vďaka tomu Corolla 2023 s novým 1,8 hybridným systémom zrýchli na stovku za 9,2 sekundy, čo je až o 1,7 sekundy rýchlejšie ako model z roku 2022. Výkonnejšej verzii Corolly bude šprint na stovku trvať len 7,5 sekundy.  Lepší výkon je zásluha vylepšenej lítium-iónovej batérie, ktorá je nielen menšia a ľahšia (až o 18 kg), ale zároveň aj výkonnejšia a efektívnejšia.

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Hybridy - autá s trakčnou batériou, ale bez zástrčky

 V deväťdesiatych rokoch neboli batérie ani nabíjacie systémy také efektívne ako dnes, preto auto nabíjané zo zástrčky nebolo praktickou alternatívou. Napriek tomu sa Toyota rozhodla uviesť na trh elektrifikovaný automobil, no navrhla úplne iné riešenie – spaľovací elektromobil schopný jazdiť v elektrickom režime s nulovými emisiami, ktorý počas jazdy nabíjal trakčnú batériu a rekuperoval energiu z brzdenia. V konvenčných automobiloch sa pri spomaľovaní nevyužíva kinetická energia vozidla, takže jej uloženie a opätovné použitie znižuje spotrebu paliva.

Dodatočným zdrojom energie v hybridnom aute Toyota je systém optimalizácie spaľovacieho motora, ktorý ho udržuje v najpriaznivejšom rozsahu otáčok. Spaľovací motor poháňa kolesá, no prebytočná energia sa ukladá do batérie. To znižuje spotrebu paliva a znižuje opotrebovanie motora.

Poskytovanie energie elektromotoru, ktorý poháňa auto, je primárnou, ale nie jedinou funkciou batérie. Energiu z nej čerpajú aj všetky palubné zariadenia – od elektrického ovládania okien a zrkadiel až po multimédiá, klimatizáciu či prvky aktívnej bezpečnosti. Vďaka tomu môže vodič využívať klimatizáciu či rádio aj pri dlhšom zastavení bez zapnutia spaľovacieho motora.

Za 25 rokov pôsobenia na trhu preukázali hybridy Toyoty svoju odolnosť a spoľahlivosť. To platí aj pre batérie, ktoré boli navrhnuté tak, aby zostali funkčné počas celej životnosti auta. Okrem technického pokroku a precíznosti spracovania má vplyv na životnosť batériových článkov aj zabezpečenie  optimálnych pracovných podmienok počas ich používania. Po prvé, chladiaci a vykurovací systém udržiava batériu v optimálnej teplote. Odolnosť batérie zabezpečuje aj jej nabitie len v ideálnom rozmedzí 20 – 80 %.

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Jedinečným prvkom hybridnej technológie Toyoty je menič, ktorý zvyšuje napätie na hodnotu vyžadovanú výkonným elektromotorom. Vďaka tomu môže byť napätie trakčnej batérie až trikrát nižšie ako napätie motora. Napríklad v hybridnej sústave 1.8 štvrtej generácie pracuje elektromotor s výkonom 53 kW a napätím 600 V, ktorý si vďaka použitiu meniča vyžaduje batériu s napätím len 202 V. To umožňuje použiť oveľa menšiu a ľahšiu batériu a zároveň môže motor pracovať s nižšou intenzitou prúdu, čo znižuje energetické straty.

Plug-in hybrid – výkon 306 k vďaka veľkej batérii

Pri uvedení modelu  RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid  bol veľkým prekvapením jeho výkon. 306 k je o 84 k viac ako dosahuje RAV4 Hybrid AWD-i. Zároveň sa však výkon jednotlivých motorov oproti klasickej hybridnej verzii nezmenil. Tento rozdiel je výsledkom oveľa väčšej a výkonnejšej batérie s kapacitou až 18,1 KWh.

Keď sa  RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid objavil na trhu, mnohí sa pýtali, či nový model udrží výkon nad 300 k, ak sa vybije batéria. Skúsenosti ukázali, že úroveň nabitia batérie nemá žiadny vplyv na výkon generovaný pohonom. Batéria si totiž udrží minimálne 17 – 20 % svojej kapacity, aby sa aj po jej tzv. vybití uložilo dvakrát toľko energie, ako má plne nabitá batéria v hybridnom náprotivku. Vďaka tomu je vždy pripravená dodať elektromotorom dostatočný výkon, aby bolo auto rýchle ako s plne nabitou batériou a oveľa dynamickejšie ako štandardné RAV4 Hybrid.

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Plug-in hybrid Toyota má ešte jednu výhodu, ktorá spočíva v tom, že jeho konštrukcia je založená na plne hybridnom systéme. Po vyčerpaní elektriny nabitej zvonku zostáva auto stále extrémne úsporné, pretože funguje v klasickom hybridnom režime. Energia získaná z brzdenia, uložená vo veľkej batérii, umožňuje pohybovať sa výlučne s elektromotorom tak často, ako v akomkoľvek inom hybride značky.

Elektromobil - dojazd do 500 km

V elektromobiloch je jediným zdrojom energie batéria. Na ňu na 100 % pracuje aj motor, ako aj všetky systémy a zariadenia na palube. Preto pre reálny dojazd auta má veľký význam spotreba energie palubných prístrojov. Klimatizácia v autách väčšinou spotrebuje veľa energie, no je ťažké sa jej vzdať len preto, že jazdíme na elektromobile. V Toyote bZ4X je klimatizácia, podobne ako chladiaci a vykurovací systém batérie, založená na tepelnom čerpadle, ktoré spotrebuje až 6-krát menej energie ako tradičné elektrické kúrenie. Aby bola batéria efektívne udržiavaná na správnej teplote, použila Toyota kvapalinové chladenie, čo je riešenie nezvyčajné,  no veľmi efektívne.

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V modeli Toyote bZ4X má lítium-iónová batéria s vysokou hustotou energie kapacitu až 71,4 kWh. Auto s pohonom prednej nápravy a s plne nabitou batériou má dojazd až 516 km. Verzia s pohonom všetkých kolies prejde až 470 km. Veľmi dlhý dojazd nevyplýva len z kapacity batérie a efektivity pohonu. Toyota siahla aj po riešení, ako je rekuperačný brzdový systém a voliteľná solárna batéria na streche, ktorá v slnečnom podnebí predĺži dojazd auta o ďalších 1800 km ročne.

Bezemisná elektráreň a zásobník energie v jednom aute

Vo vodíkových automobiloch, ako je Toyota Mirai, sú hlavným zdrojom energie pre elektromotor palivové články. Toto najmodernejšie zariadenie vyrába  elektrinu pri reakcii vodíka a kyslíka, pričom jediným vedľajším produktom je voda. Mirai dostal aj batériu s rovnakou kapacitou a funkciu ako je v hybridoch. Vďaka nej fungujú palubné prístroje aj pri vypnutom motore bez spotreby vodíka a využívajú energiu rekuperovanú pri brzdení. Elektrina z batérie ide aj do motora a podporuje palivové články.

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Trakčná batéria v Toyote Mirai pochádza z Lexusu LS 500h. Lítium-iónová nahradila nikel-metal hydridovú batériu z predchádzajúcej generácie Mirai. Je menšia, energeticky úspornejšia a efektívnejšia. Jej hmotnosť sa znížila zo 46,9 kg na 44,6 kg a maximálny výkon vzrástol o viac ako 20 %. Menšie rozmery batérie umožnili jej presunutie za operadlo zadného sedadla, kde neobmedzuje priestor v kabíne ani v kufri.

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  • Komentár Www.instapaper.com %AM, %21 %167 %2025 %03:%mar napísal Www.instapaper.com

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    Performing a straight arm pulldown frequently can result in improved upper-body strength and muscle definition. Cable rows are an effective exercise
    for constructing power and measurement in the again, and with these three variations you'll
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    Cable rows provide a nice way to target your again muscle tissue and construct strength, whereas additionally improving posture, core stability, and
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    The main distinction is the shortage of (or lower) loading of the decrease back.

    It entails utilizing your own body weight to carry out an inverted row, which targets the primary and secondary muscles of the higher
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    The machine excessive row is a incredible pulling exercise to coach your back muscle tissue and
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    To perform this exercise, start by standing together with your ft shoulder-width apart and holding two dumbbells
    in every hand. Strengthening these muscles is not going to only improve the vary
    of movement but in addition cut back the risk of injury because of overuse or
    instability on this space. The straight arm pulldown is a
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    These massive muscle tissue run from the decrease again to the higher arms and play an important position in shoulder extension and
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    some contraction in these smaller muscular tissues together with those larger ones corresponding to lats
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    The chest supported row is a superb train for focusing on the again muscles.
    With variations of the exercise, you can target different muscle teams in your again such as your lats, rhomboids, traps and
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    for optimum benefit. This train targets multiple muscle groups together
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    Loop the resistance band across the bottom of your feet
    with one handle in every hand. Seated rows are sometimes carried out
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    When you’ve mastered form and might complete the usual cable row exercise with management
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    You should contract your lats and feel the muscle fiber interact in the course of the negatives.

    On the flip aspect, if you have no management over the load within the eccentric phase,
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    Logan additionally loves plank rotations to activate the rhomboids
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    which train a complete lot of muscular tissues, including the rhomboids.
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    compensating for the opposite. The key to getting this train proper is getting your position right firstly and following this via; specializing in maintaining it
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    People that depend on their arms to move the burden find yourself utilizing their biceps.
    Assume of your hands as hooks whereas performing the seated cable row, and lift the weights by
    driving your elbows behind your physique. The reply to this query is dependent upon the individual and their targets.
    Chest supported rows can be helpful for those trying to target specific muscle tissue, such as the lats
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    When accomplished accurately, they aim both the pectoralis main and
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    The suspension system lets you use your individual body weight as resistance, which makes
    it appropriate for all fitness levels. Return it downwards slowly,
    adopted by the alternative arm alternating between them per repetition till the specified number of reps or units have been completed.

    Decrease the burden again down slowly before repeating for desired reps or units.
    Now let’s take a glance at some variations of
    the TRX Row to further customize your workout routine.
    By understanding the anatomy of this exercise, you'll have the ability to create a simpler exercise tailored to your needs.

    This creates a comparatively brief decrease back lever
    and less decrease back stress. If overhand bent-over rows
    trigger again pain, you could find the reverse grip variation more comfy.
    The seated cable row lets you use heavier weight as a result of your feet are pressed against
    the platform and being in an upright seated place also permits you to use heavier poundages.

    This model of the low row requires you to use a barbell loaded with weight plates
    on each finish. Preserving your again straight and core engaged throughout
    the movement, bend at the waist until your torso is almost
    parallel to the floor. Performing the motion using an underhand grip is the best version of
    the three because of the fact that bicep recruitment
    is maximized when using this method. Employing all the same methods solely while utilizing
    a narrow/neutral hand grip will draw extra recruitment from the biceps.
    So, if you would like to develop your back absolutely, you need to prepare
    it from multiple angles. In other words, for
    a back that’s thick AND wide, you want to
    include rows and pulldowns/pull-ups in your workouts.

    Your again should be straight and upright for this movement in a neutral place.

    To perform this exercise, sit dealing with away from a cable machine with one finish
    of an attachment in each hand. To perform this train, stand in front of the barbell along with your feet
    shoulder-width apart and grip it just outdoors of hip width.
    Low row workout routines are efficient, yet easy exercises that can be utilized to target a quantity of muscular tissues in your again. Patrick Dale,
    PT, ex-Marine, is a Training Editor with 30 years of experience in Private Coaching and Strength & Conditioning.
    A former British Royal Marine, gym proprietor, and fitness skills assessor, he is dedicated to delivering informative,
    dependable content material. In addition, Patrick is an experienced writer who has authored three fitness and train books, dozens of e-books, 1000's of articles, and several other health
    movies. He’s not simply an armchair health skilled;
    Patrick practices what he preaches!

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