Štyri typy elektrifikovaných pohonov Toyota. Na čo slúži batéria v každom z nich?

Základom každého elektrifikovaného pohonu je trakčná batéria. Nachádza sa v klasických hybridoch, plug-in hybridoch a elektromobiloch a dokonca aj vo vodíkových autách poháňaných palivovými článkami. No jej úloha v každom z týchto prevedení je mierne odlišná.

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História trakčných batérií a elektromotorov v sériových automobiloch sa začala písať v roku 1997 debutom hybridného modelu Prius. Od začiatku išlo o veľmi pokrokový systém pohonu, založený na spolupráci benzínového motora s elektrickým a druhého elektromotora, ktorý slúžil najmä ako generátor. Energia vyrobená generátorom, ktorá sa nevyužije, ide okamžite do batérie.

Súčasné hybridy štvrtej a piatej generácie fungujú na rovnakom princípe, hoci každý prvok systému je oveľa menší, ľahší a efektívnejší a softvér riadi celok tak, aby čo najčastejšie využíval výlučne elektromotor s nulovými emisiami.

Hybridy piatej generácie – dôraz na výkon a potešenie z jazdy

Piata generácia hybridného pohonu je navrhnutá pre väčší výkon, dynamiku a potešenie z jazdy. Výkon systému 1,8 vzrástol zo 122 na 140 koní a systém s motorom 2,0 má namiesto 184 teraz 196 koní. Vďaka tomu Corolla 2023 s novým 1,8 hybridným systémom zrýchli na stovku za 9,2 sekundy, čo je až o 1,7 sekundy rýchlejšie ako model z roku 2022. Výkonnejšej verzii Corolly bude šprint na stovku trvať len 7,5 sekundy.  Lepší výkon je zásluha vylepšenej lítium-iónovej batérie, ktorá je nielen menšia a ľahšia (až o 18 kg), ale zároveň aj výkonnejšia a efektívnejšia.

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Hybridy - autá s trakčnou batériou, ale bez zástrčky

 V deväťdesiatych rokoch neboli batérie ani nabíjacie systémy také efektívne ako dnes, preto auto nabíjané zo zástrčky nebolo praktickou alternatívou. Napriek tomu sa Toyota rozhodla uviesť na trh elektrifikovaný automobil, no navrhla úplne iné riešenie – spaľovací elektromobil schopný jazdiť v elektrickom režime s nulovými emisiami, ktorý počas jazdy nabíjal trakčnú batériu a rekuperoval energiu z brzdenia. V konvenčných automobiloch sa pri spomaľovaní nevyužíva kinetická energia vozidla, takže jej uloženie a opätovné použitie znižuje spotrebu paliva.

Dodatočným zdrojom energie v hybridnom aute Toyota je systém optimalizácie spaľovacieho motora, ktorý ho udržuje v najpriaznivejšom rozsahu otáčok. Spaľovací motor poháňa kolesá, no prebytočná energia sa ukladá do batérie. To znižuje spotrebu paliva a znižuje opotrebovanie motora.

Poskytovanie energie elektromotoru, ktorý poháňa auto, je primárnou, ale nie jedinou funkciou batérie. Energiu z nej čerpajú aj všetky palubné zariadenia – od elektrického ovládania okien a zrkadiel až po multimédiá, klimatizáciu či prvky aktívnej bezpečnosti. Vďaka tomu môže vodič využívať klimatizáciu či rádio aj pri dlhšom zastavení bez zapnutia spaľovacieho motora.

Za 25 rokov pôsobenia na trhu preukázali hybridy Toyoty svoju odolnosť a spoľahlivosť. To platí aj pre batérie, ktoré boli navrhnuté tak, aby zostali funkčné počas celej životnosti auta. Okrem technického pokroku a precíznosti spracovania má vplyv na životnosť batériových článkov aj zabezpečenie  optimálnych pracovných podmienok počas ich používania. Po prvé, chladiaci a vykurovací systém udržiava batériu v optimálnej teplote. Odolnosť batérie zabezpečuje aj jej nabitie len v ideálnom rozmedzí 20 – 80 %.

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Jedinečným prvkom hybridnej technológie Toyoty je menič, ktorý zvyšuje napätie na hodnotu vyžadovanú výkonným elektromotorom. Vďaka tomu môže byť napätie trakčnej batérie až trikrát nižšie ako napätie motora. Napríklad v hybridnej sústave 1.8 štvrtej generácie pracuje elektromotor s výkonom 53 kW a napätím 600 V, ktorý si vďaka použitiu meniča vyžaduje batériu s napätím len 202 V. To umožňuje použiť oveľa menšiu a ľahšiu batériu a zároveň môže motor pracovať s nižšou intenzitou prúdu, čo znižuje energetické straty.

Plug-in hybrid – výkon 306 k vďaka veľkej batérii

Pri uvedení modelu  RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid  bol veľkým prekvapením jeho výkon. 306 k je o 84 k viac ako dosahuje RAV4 Hybrid AWD-i. Zároveň sa však výkon jednotlivých motorov oproti klasickej hybridnej verzii nezmenil. Tento rozdiel je výsledkom oveľa väčšej a výkonnejšej batérie s kapacitou až 18,1 KWh.

Keď sa  RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid objavil na trhu, mnohí sa pýtali, či nový model udrží výkon nad 300 k, ak sa vybije batéria. Skúsenosti ukázali, že úroveň nabitia batérie nemá žiadny vplyv na výkon generovaný pohonom. Batéria si totiž udrží minimálne 17 – 20 % svojej kapacity, aby sa aj po jej tzv. vybití uložilo dvakrát toľko energie, ako má plne nabitá batéria v hybridnom náprotivku. Vďaka tomu je vždy pripravená dodať elektromotorom dostatočný výkon, aby bolo auto rýchle ako s plne nabitou batériou a oveľa dynamickejšie ako štandardné RAV4 Hybrid.

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Plug-in hybrid Toyota má ešte jednu výhodu, ktorá spočíva v tom, že jeho konštrukcia je založená na plne hybridnom systéme. Po vyčerpaní elektriny nabitej zvonku zostáva auto stále extrémne úsporné, pretože funguje v klasickom hybridnom režime. Energia získaná z brzdenia, uložená vo veľkej batérii, umožňuje pohybovať sa výlučne s elektromotorom tak často, ako v akomkoľvek inom hybride značky.

Elektromobil - dojazd do 500 km

V elektromobiloch je jediným zdrojom energie batéria. Na ňu na 100 % pracuje aj motor, ako aj všetky systémy a zariadenia na palube. Preto pre reálny dojazd auta má veľký význam spotreba energie palubných prístrojov. Klimatizácia v autách väčšinou spotrebuje veľa energie, no je ťažké sa jej vzdať len preto, že jazdíme na elektromobile. V Toyote bZ4X je klimatizácia, podobne ako chladiaci a vykurovací systém batérie, založená na tepelnom čerpadle, ktoré spotrebuje až 6-krát menej energie ako tradičné elektrické kúrenie. Aby bola batéria efektívne udržiavaná na správnej teplote, použila Toyota kvapalinové chladenie, čo je riešenie nezvyčajné,  no veľmi efektívne.

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V modeli Toyote bZ4X má lítium-iónová batéria s vysokou hustotou energie kapacitu až 71,4 kWh. Auto s pohonom prednej nápravy a s plne nabitou batériou má dojazd až 516 km. Verzia s pohonom všetkých kolies prejde až 470 km. Veľmi dlhý dojazd nevyplýva len z kapacity batérie a efektivity pohonu. Toyota siahla aj po riešení, ako je rekuperačný brzdový systém a voliteľná solárna batéria na streche, ktorá v slnečnom podnebí predĺži dojazd auta o ďalších 1800 km ročne.

Bezemisná elektráreň a zásobník energie v jednom aute

Vo vodíkových automobiloch, ako je Toyota Mirai, sú hlavným zdrojom energie pre elektromotor palivové články. Toto najmodernejšie zariadenie vyrába  elektrinu pri reakcii vodíka a kyslíka, pričom jediným vedľajším produktom je voda. Mirai dostal aj batériu s rovnakou kapacitou a funkciu ako je v hybridoch. Vďaka nej fungujú palubné prístroje aj pri vypnutom motore bez spotreby vodíka a využívajú energiu rekuperovanú pri brzdení. Elektrina z batérie ide aj do motora a podporuje palivové články.

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Trakčná batéria v Toyote Mirai pochádza z Lexusu LS 500h. Lítium-iónová nahradila nikel-metal hydridovú batériu z predchádzajúcej generácie Mirai. Je menšia, energeticky úspornejšia a efektívnejšia. Jej hmotnosť sa znížila zo 46,9 kg na 44,6 kg a maximálny výkon vzrástol o viac ako 20 %. Menšie rozmery batérie umožnili jej presunutie za operadlo zadného sedadla, kde neobmedzuje priestor v kabíne ani v kufri.

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    The main benefits of the seated row include constructing upper
    physique energy and toning the mirror muscle tissue in your arms and chest.
    Different advantages embody enhancements in posture, grip power, and lowering the chance of harm during different compound
    lifts. Although the biceps are energetic while performing seated cable rows, they should not
    be the primary focus of the exercise.
    Once you have cleared the peak of the bar, release your grip then decrease yourself
    underneath management till arms are fully prolonged
    again earlier than repeating for desired reps/sets.

    This train requires you to stand together with your ft
    shoulder-width aside and hold a barbell in front of your thighs, palms dealing with down. Maintaining your again straight and core engaged, bend at the hips until
    your torso is parallel to the ground. Pull the
    bar up towards your chest while keeping it close to your body and squeezing your shoulder blades together
    on the top of the movement. Pushups may additionally
    be used to work a variety of the same muscle groups targeted during rows, including the chest, triceps,
    shoulders and even core stability when done correctly.
    To start, get into plank place with hands slightly wider than shoulder-width
    apart from one another before decreasing yourself down till your
    elbows form ninety degree angles. Then push yourself up once
    more by way of your palms while maintaining your hips parallel
    with the ground all through the whole range of movement for best results.


    It’s simple, but you additionally want to prepare safely to make certain that you avoid damage and progress just
    as you'll some other exercise. We hope that this exercise was helpful and we’re assured that you just now have
    the knowledge to successfully include this exercise in your coaching regime.
    While the cable standing row (V-Bar) is an outstanding choice for helping to build that roadmap back, there are so many different
    variations that you can use, and that you simply would possibly really prefer.

    When it involves programming, this could be a great train to incorporate on either a back day or a pull day if you’re doing
    a push/pull/leg split. Then you may need to contemplate beefing up your 
    again muscles—and do we have the train for you.
    And we'll ship you evidence-based methods to improve your body composition and well being in addition to exclusive offers and reductions.

    This permits them to not only evaluate individual research but in addition analyze the overall weight of the evidence on any and
    all matters associated to food regimen, exercise, supplementation, and extra.
    A good way to do that is to strive completely different grip widths and handle attachments until
    you find two or extra that you like, then alternate between your favorites
    every 8-to-10 weeks of training. They are important to regulate and shift the weight during the pull.
    This will assist to eliminate and force from momentum and maximise time under pressure.

    Pulling again your shoulders and keeping your again relaxed are a part of attaining the desired effect.
    Indoor rowing has its roots with rudimentary picket frames and dates again to the 4th century in Greece.
    The first patented indoor rower was created in 1872 by W.B
    Curtis and featured the flywheel and ratcheting system,
    the base of lots of the rowing machines right now. You are not trying for your legs
    absolutely outstretched since it'll alter the movements of the row.
    Using a weight that’s too heavy can significantly harm
    your again or shoulders. Wrapping the resistance band around your palms may even improve the depth.
    Doing the train accurately is necessary to keep away from injury and get probably the most out
    of your workout.
    The grip on the bar is wider than shoulder width, which
    might focus on working out the trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscular tissues.
    When performing a seated row, the muscles concerned
    include the mirror muscular tissues in your arms and back.
    This consists of the biceps brachii, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and rhomboids, all musicals
    situated within the back and arms. Like all workout routines,
    use good proper seated row kind to be secure and get the best exercise.
    Whether you’re using a seated row machine with handles
    or a cable row machine, the frequent Seated Row Mistakes are very related.
    It’s essential to maintain correct type and keep the core engaged, again relaxed, and put many of the work into the arms.

    Throughout a cable row, you extend your again and hold it on this
    place all through the exercise. This causes you to continually
    contract your erector spinae to take care of spinal stability.

    Performing a straight arm pulldown frequently can result in improved upper-body strength and muscle definition. Cable rows are an effective exercise
    for constructing power and measurement in the again, and with these three variations you'll
    have the ability to add variety to your routine.
    Cable rows provide a nice way to target your again muscle tissue and construct strength, whereas additionally improving posture, core stability, and
    total muscle mass. In this blog publish we’ll have a glance at
    how cable rows work completely different areas of
    your again, their benefits for total health, and variations on the traditional form.
    The main distinction is the shortage of (or lower) loading of the decrease back.

    It entails utilizing your own body weight to carry out an inverted row, which targets the primary and secondary muscles of the higher
    back. TRX rows are a superb exercise for building strength and firming your again muscular tissues.
    Yes, a straight-arm pulldown is an efficient train for strength training.
    Face pulls are one other efficient way to goal comparable muscle tissue
    as those used throughout a straight arm pulldown. The straight arm
    pulldown exercise is an effective way to focus on the back muscle tissue.

    Not solely will you narrow in on your again muscle tissue, however you will additionally challenge your biceps and grip power greater than you'd assume.
    Once you progress into the advanced version of the row, your low back extensors also play a job.
    Whether Or Not you choose a V-handle, straight bar,
    or rope cable row substitute, guarantee it aligns together with
    your objective of partaking the latissimus dorsi and stabilizer muscular tissues.
    In this record, we'll focus strictly on variations utilizing the cable pulley machine.
    The seated cable row is primarily a again exercise and is thought amongst
    many gym-goers as a carry that can assist you to construct back muscle thickness and power.

    Novices, intermediates, and professional bodybuilders
    all profit from utilizing the seated cable row to build again muscle and power.

    Thus, all horizontal back workouts, including the seated cable row, make your back thicker, wider, and
    stronger. Keeping your arms braced, you must feel tension at all
    times and transfer via the total range of movement with each rep.
    They help to maneuver these parts of the body in addition to the arms and torso.
    Do Not crash the weights, and don't pause or bounce at the bottom
    of the lift.
    Now, i’m NO professional, and it may just
    be a placebo have an effect on, so right me if I’m
    wrong. One of the first choices to make if you set out to perform a standing cable row is which grip you need to use.
    With so many grips obtainable to use at a cable
    machine, it can be overwhelming, so here’s a fast rundown of your options.
    Are you tired of the same old shoulder exercises that solely
    work the front and side of your shoulders? It’s time to
    switch things up and goal the often-neglected rear deltoids with the rear delt row.

    Like the seated cable row, the barbell row works a lot of the muscles in your back, along with the elbow flexors (biceps,
    brachialis and brachioradialis). The Cable High Row is greater
    than only a easy train; it’s an all-encompassing device for power,
    balance, and improved physical well being. As we’ve explored, this
    versatile workout not only engages a big selection of muscle tissue but in addition enhances your
    posture and core stability.
    In the same way the incline bench press suits between the bench press and shoulder press, the machine high row lays somewhere in the middle of a seated
    back row and a pull-up. You’re not pulling
    immediately in entrance of you (horizontal pull)
    or nor instantly above (vertical pull); somewhat, you pull down at an angle.
    This distinction in the movement sample will provide
    a little bit of a different stimulus to keep issues fascinated and your muscular tissues skilled.

    The machine excessive row is a incredible pulling exercise to coach your back muscle tissue and
    biceps. As the motion happens on the shoulder and elbow, it is a compound motion, that
    means it's going to practice lots of muscle mass and allow heavy
    loads.
    To perform this exercise, start by standing together with your ft shoulder-width apart and holding two dumbbells
    in every hand. Strengthening these muscles is not going to only improve the vary
    of movement but in addition cut back the risk of injury because of overuse or
    instability on this space. The straight arm pulldown is a
    wonderful exercise for rising shoulder mobility and stability.

    These massive muscle tissue run from the decrease again to the higher arms and play an important position in shoulder extension and
    abduction. So let’s dive in and study all about straight arm pulldowns and what
    muscular tissues are labored. When accomplished correctly, one should feel an even pressure all through this area of the again in addition to
    some contraction in these smaller muscular tissues together with those larger ones corresponding to lats
    and traps.
    The chest supported row is a superb train for focusing on the again muscles.
    With variations of the exercise, you can target different muscle teams in your again such as your lats, rhomboids, traps and
    rear delts. You also can use various workout routines that work similar muscular tissues like bent
    over rows or cable rows when you don’t have entry to a chest
    supported row machine. In The End, it’s important to understand which muscle tissue are worked when doing chest supported rows
    so that you know how greatest to incorporate them into your training program
    for optimum benefit. This train targets multiple muscle groups together
    with lats, rhomboids, traps, biceps, forearms
    and more.
    Loop the resistance band across the bottom of your feet
    with one handle in every hand. Seated rows are sometimes carried out
    on a seated row machine or a seated cable row machine, and
    the instructions for utilizing each are almost the same.

    When you’ve mastered form and might complete the usual cable row exercise with management
    and strength, it’s time to challenge your self with variations.


    You should contract your lats and feel the muscle fiber interact in the course of the negatives.

    On the flip aspect, if you have no management over the load within the eccentric phase,
    it's a signal that you're going slightly too heavy.
    Logan additionally loves plank rotations to activate the rhomboids
    alongside together with your core, shoulders, and more. Logan also recommends doing bear crawls,
    which train a complete lot of muscular tissues, including the rhomboids.
    The row can be done one arm at a time to handle muscle imbalances and ensure one facet isn’t
    compensating for the opposite. The key to getting this train proper is getting your position right firstly and following this via; specializing in maintaining it
    by way of each rep.
    Since you’ll be resting your chest on a pad during this train, you'll have the
    ability to focus your energies on following a full vary of motion and contracting your lats with each rep.
    People that depend on their arms to move the burden find yourself utilizing their biceps.
    Assume of your hands as hooks whereas performing the seated cable row, and lift the weights by
    driving your elbows behind your physique. The reply to this query is dependent upon the individual and their targets.
    Chest supported rows can be helpful for those trying to target specific muscle tissue, such as the lats
    or rhomboids, whereas minimizing stress on the lower back.

    When accomplished accurately, they aim both the pectoralis main and
    minor, as properly as the anterior deltoids.
    The suspension system lets you use your individual body weight as resistance, which makes
    it appropriate for all fitness levels. Return it downwards slowly,
    adopted by the alternative arm alternating between them per repetition till the specified number of reps or units have been completed.

    Decrease the burden again down slowly before repeating for desired reps or units.
    Now let’s take a glance at some variations of
    the TRX Row to further customize your workout routine.
    By understanding the anatomy of this exercise, you'll have the ability to create a simpler exercise tailored to your needs.

    This creates a comparatively brief decrease back lever
    and less decrease back stress. If overhand bent-over rows
    trigger again pain, you could find the reverse grip variation more comfy.
    The seated cable row lets you use heavier weight as a result of your feet are pressed against
    the platform and being in an upright seated place also permits you to use heavier poundages.

    This model of the low row requires you to use a barbell loaded with weight plates
    on each finish. Preserving your again straight and core engaged throughout
    the movement, bend at the waist until your torso is almost
    parallel to the floor. Performing the motion using an underhand grip is the best version of
    the three because of the fact that bicep recruitment
    is maximized when using this method. Employing all the same methods solely while utilizing
    a narrow/neutral hand grip will draw extra recruitment from the biceps.
    So, if you would like to develop your back absolutely, you need to prepare
    it from multiple angles. In other words, for
    a back that’s thick AND wide, you want to
    include rows and pulldowns/pull-ups in your workouts.

    Your again should be straight and upright for this movement in a neutral place.

    To perform this exercise, sit dealing with away from a cable machine with one finish
    of an attachment in each hand. To perform this train, stand in front of the barbell along with your feet
    shoulder-width apart and grip it just outdoors of hip width.
    Low row workout routines are efficient, yet easy exercises that can be utilized to target a quantity of muscular tissues in your again. Patrick Dale,
    PT, ex-Marine, is a Training Editor with 30 years of experience in Private Coaching and Strength & Conditioning.
    A former British Royal Marine, gym proprietor, and fitness skills assessor, he is dedicated to delivering informative,
    dependable content material. In addition, Patrick is an experienced writer who has authored three fitness and train books, dozens of e-books, 1000's of articles, and several other health
    movies. He’s not simply an armchair health skilled;
    Patrick practices what he preaches!

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