Výskumy ukazujú, že ženy majú nižšie sebavedomie ako muži

Napísal Viktória Hudáková 20. máj 2024

Sebavedomie je základným pilierom nášho emocionálneho zdravia. Ovplyvňuje kvalitu nášho života, našu schopnosť viesť šťastný život a budovať si kvalitné vzťahy. Nedostatočná sebadôvera sa môže odraziť v každodennom živote i pracovnom prostredí.

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Ako sa vyvíja sebavedomie a akými technikami si ho budovať? Odpovedá terapeutka PhDr. Alexandra Kohutová.

Sebavedomie sa vyvíja v ranom detstve

Sebavedomie je proces, ktorý sa počas nášho života neustále mení a vyvíja. Ide o pocit vlastnej hodnoty, sebaistoty a viery vo vlastné schopnosti. Ovplyvňuje napríklad výber životného partnera, priateľov, ale aj náš výkon v práci či schopnosť vyrovnať sa s nepríjemnými životnými situáciami i malými problémami.

Formovať sa začína okolo prvého roka života, kedy dieťa postupne spoznáva svet. „Vyjadrenia rodičov a blízkych voči dieťaťu, jeho osobe, vlastnostiam i správaniu veľmi intenzívne ovplyvňujú vnímanie dieťaťa ako seba samého. To, ako rodičia dokážu napĺňať potreby a zvládať frustrácie svojho dieťaťa, je veľmi dôležité, pretože dieťa si vytvára vlastný sebaobraz, sebahodnotu a s tým spojené sebavedomie na základe toho, ako ho vnímajú najbližší,“ vysvetľuje terapeutka PhDr. Alexandra Kohutová z terapeutickej platformy Hedepy. Zároveň dodáva, že každý rodič by mal vo svojej výchove dieťaťu pripomínať, že vo svojom živote môže dokázať všetko, čo si stanoví. Tiež by mu však mal prízvukovať, že spätná väzba a empatia sú v živote nesmierne dôležité.

„Obaja rodičia majú rovnako dôležitý vplyv na rozvoj sebavedomia u detí. V ranom detstve (do troch rokov) je pre dieťa vývinovo dôležitejšia matka. Po treťom roku života dieťaťa nadobúda na dôležitosti otec a svojim správaním ovplyvňuje vývin osobnostnej štruktúry a s tým i formovanie sebaobrazu, sebahodnoty a sebavedomia dieťaťa,“ poukazuje terapeutka na to, že na samotné sebavedomie majú výrazný vplyv obaja rodičia. Najprv však musí mať zdravé sebavedomie samotná matka a otec, aby ho mohli budovať vo svojich deťoch.

Nízke sebavedomie majú najmä ženy

Podľa terapeutky z Hedepy výskumy jasne ukazujú, že ženy majú nižšie sebavedomie ako muži. „Ukazuje sa to najmä v pracovnej oblasti. Aj keď majú ženy rovnaké vzdelanie a vedomosti, hodnotia sa o toľko nižšie, že mnohé pracovné príležitosti rovno odmietnu. Ženy neveria, že to dokážu a preto sa ani nepokúsia uchádzať sa o určité pracovné miesta,“ hovorí PhDr. Alexandra Kohutová. Vysvetľuje tiež, že takéto vnímanie je spoločensky podmienené. Muži majú v sebe zakorenenú bojovnosť a odvahu veliť v každej situácii. Ženy sú zas vedené k tomu, aby si mužov vážili a uznávali hodnoty, ktoré predstavujú. „Začína sa to už v detstve pri výchove. Dievčatá sú napomínané za nevhodné správanie ak prejavia priveľkú aktivitu, dominanciu, či rebelantstvo. Chlapci zasa nesmú ukazovať city. Nič, čo by sa ich dotklo, žiadne slzy, lebo muži neplačú,“ vysvetľuje terapeutka.

Ani nízke, ani vysoké. Najlepšie je zdravé

Nízke sebavedomie so sebou môže priniesť problémy v práci i v budovaní vzťahov. Tým, že človek neverí vo svoje schopnosti a nedôveruje si, vopred sa vzdá a utvrdí sa v tom, že sa mu nič nedarí. Preto sa ľudia s nízkym sebavedomím cítia neisto v práci i vzťahoch. Často upriamujú pozornosť na svoje nedostatky, nevedia prijať pochvalu ani sa predať. Vo vzťahoch majú tendenciu tráviť veľa času s partnerom a potrebujú o ňom všetko vedieť. „Niekedy sa môže stať aj to, že nechávajú partnerovi úplnú voľnosť. Nekonfrontujú ho s prípadným neadekvátnym správaním, z rovnakého dôvodu, že sa boja, aby ich neopustil,“ vysvetľuje terapeutka a dodáva, že ľudia s nízkym sebavedomím často zotrvávajú aj v nefunkčných vzťahoch, pretože sa boja, že u nikoho iného lásku nenájdu.

Naopak, ľudia s vysokým sebavedomím si myslia, že rozumejú všetkému a na všetko majú správnu odpoveď. Ťažko sa im pracuje s kritikou a problémom býva aj priznanie chyby. „Majú tendenciu sa vyvyšovať a poukazovať na chyby a slabosti iných a opakovane ich pripomínať,“ hovorí PhDr. Alexandra Kohutová.

Ani prvý, ani druhý extrém nie je v živote ideálny a prináša so sebou mnoho komplikácií, ktorým ľudia so zdravím sebavedomím nečelia. Prijímajú samých seba, nepotrebujú ponižovať druhých ľudí, ani sa nad nikoho vyvyšovať. Znášajú konštruktívnu kritiku a v mnohých prípadoch ju vnímajú pozitívne, pretože im prináša priestor pre ďalší rast. Ľudia so zdravým sebavedomím sú si vedomí svojich slabých aj silných stránok a voči ostatným sú empatickí. „Zdravo sebavedomý človek sa nielenže cíti dobre, ale je aj odolnejší voči vonkajším negatívnym vplyvom. Výskumy naviac poukazujú na to, že ľudia v tomto nastavení dokážu lepšie a rýchlejšie spracovať zlyhanie, či odmietnutie. Zdravo sebavedomí ľudia sú duševne zdravší a odolnejší,“ dopĺňa terapeutka z Hedepy.

Ako sa však dopracovať k zdravému sebavedomiu?

Nadobudnutie zdravého sebavedomia je dlhý a náročný proces. Dôležitá je v ňom zmena postoja a nadobudnutie dôvery v seba a svoje schopnosti. Aby sme mohli viesť šťastný a spokojný život so zdravými a zmysluplnými vzťahmi je podľa PhDr. Alexandry Kohutovej dôležité:

  • Akceptovať seba samého – ochota pozrieť sa do svojho vnútra, spoznať seba samého a prijať sa so všetkým, čo vo svojom vnútri objavíme. Podstatné je prestať sa odsudzovať a kritizovať.
  • Viesť zdravý životný štýl –  nie nadarmo sa hovorí v zdravom tele, zdravý duch.
  • Rozvíjať komunikačné zručnosti – popisovanie myšlienok, názorov a potrieb pozitívne ovplyvní sociálne vzťahy. „Je dôležité udržiavať pozitívne vzťahy s ľuďmi, ktorí sú pre nás podporní a vyselektovať ľudí, s ktorými sa necítime príjemne. Dať seba na prvé miesto, všímať si, čo chcem a potrebujem,“ hovorí terapeutka.
  • Postaviť si reálne výzvy a ciele – vďaka stanoveniu cieľov dokážeme dlhodobo rásť. Ak dosiahneme stanovený cieľ, myšlienky o neschopnosti môžu odísť.
  • Absolvovať terapiu – terapia je cestou k poznaniu seba samého, svojich silných a slabých stránok. Pomáha tiež pochopiť príčiny nízkeho sebavedomia a prináša podporu a pochopenie.

Zdroj foto: Freepik

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