Odborníci sa zhodujú, dôchodok si zle vysvetľujeme. Prečo?

Dôchodok – slovo, ktoré väčšina z nás vníma ako vzdialenú métu. A predsa už dnešná realita ukazuje, že sa bez neho nezaobídeme. Lenže čo si vlastne pod dôchodkom predstavujeme? Je to oddych, finančná nezávislosť, cestovanie alebo len príspevok zo Sociálnej poisťovne počas našej staroby?

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Odborníci sa zhodujú, že by sme ho mali chápať skôr ako budúci príjem, ktorý nám v starobe nahradí výplatu. Prieskumy pre spoločnosť PARTNERS[1] pritom ukazujú, že Slováci chcú mať v starobe dostatok peňazí a túžia do dôchodku odísť aj skôr, no väčšina neverí, že im len štátna penzia naozaj postačí.

Väčšina Slovákov sníva o takzvanom dobrom dôchodku, ktorý by im umožnil užívať si viac rodiny, vnúčat, vlastných koníčkov či viac cestovať. Prieskumy ukazujú, že vyše polovica (54 %) považuje lepšiu penziu dokonca za jednu zo svojich najväčších životných priorít. „Slováci si celkom jasne hovoria, že dôchodok nechcú len prežívať, ale chcú ho aj reálne žiť. Často to vnímajú ako budúce obdobie radosti, no zároveň len málokto má konkrétny plán, ako na to,“ upozorňuje sociológ Martin Slosiarik z agentúry Focus, ktorá pre spoločnosť PARTNERS prieskumy realizovala.

Na druhej strane, tretina (35 %) ekonomicky aktívnych očakáva, že štátne dôchodky budú v budúcnosti ešte nižšie, a ďalších takmer 30 % verí, že sa nezvýšia ani oproti dnešku. Viac ako polovica (52 %) pracujúcich by pritom chcela zavesiť prácu na klinec omnoho skôr, než by formálne museli, no väčšina z nich (79 %) neverí, že by im štátna penzia pokryla bežný život. Ľudia tak zároveň predpokladajú, že vek odchodu do dôchodku sa pri ich generácii posunie ešte vyššie, takže bez vlastných úspor alebo investícií môže zostať všetko len pri snoch a dobrých predsavzatiach.

Ako to s tým dôchodkom vlastne je?

Predstavte si, že vám z večera do rána zmizne polovica bežnej výplaty. Presne to sa môže stať, keď odídete do penzie – dôchodok na Slovensku totiž pokrýva len zhruba polovicu pôvodného príjmu. „Z ekonomického pohľadu dôchodok nie je nič iné ako náhrada mzdy. Ide o tú časť príjmu v starobe, ktorá by mala aspoň sčasti zachovať životný štandard, na aký sme boli zvyknutí v produktívnom veku. Na Slovensku je náhrada príjmu na dôchodku približne 52 % z hrubej mzdy,“ vysvetľuje doc. Vladimír Baláž, ekonóm a prognostik Slovenskej akadémie vied, a ilustruje to príkladom. Ak ste napríklad celý život pracovali za 1 000 eur, v starobe môžete dostávať len 500 eur.

Dá sa z toho vôbec pohodlne žiť? Takéto radikálne zníženie príjmu na dôchodku, pochopiteľne, zasiahne najmä tých, ktorí už predtým zarábali menej. Ešte citeľnejšie to vnímajú ženy, ktoré sa dožívajú viac a majú v dôchodkovom veku v priemere o pätinu nižšie penzie aj pre nižšie mzdy počas života či prerušenie kariéry na materskej.

Demografická bomba tiká

Problémy sa navyše stupňujú spolu s demografickým vývojom. „Ročníky narodené v 70. rokoch – známe „Husákove deti“ – sa blížia k dôchodkovému veku, lenže mladých prichádza na trh práce čoraz menej. Aj keď Sociálna poisťovňa dôchodky vyplácať neprestane, tlak na jej rozpočet bude obrovský a miera náhrady môže v budúcnosti klesnúť dokonca k 35 – 40 %,“ dodáva Vladimír Baláž.

Do slušného dôchodku nám chýba asi polovica

Slováci by radi prežili starobu so slušným finančným vankúšom, no realita hovorí niečo iné. Priemerný priznaný dôchodok je dnes okolo 800 eur, kým priemerná mzda dosahuje vyše 1 500 eur. „Znamená to, že pri nástupe do dôchodku by nám dnes mesačne chýbalo približne 700 eur, ak si chceme udržať podobný životný štandard ako počas práce. Je to poriadna medzera a treba si uvedomiť, že štátna penzia býva len základ, často postačí iba na prežitie. Na pohodlný dôchodok je potrebné myslieť už oveľa skôr,“ vraví Maroš Ovčarik, finančný analytik PARTNERS Investments.

Dôchodkové 3D: desať percent, dlhodobo, diverzifikujte

Mnohým Slovákom dôchodok uniká najmä preto, že ho vnímajú len ako akúsi „vzdialenú starobu“ a nie budúci príjem, ktorý by mal udržať doterajšiu životnú úroveň. Ďalšou chybou je spoliehanie sa výlučne na štát, ktorý zväčša pokryje len najnutnejšie výdavky, nie pohodlný život. A hoci väčšina ľudí túži na dôchodku cestovať a venovať sa rodine, len málokto si reálne sporí alebo investuje. „Riešením je jednoduché pravidlo – dôchodkové 3D,“ radí Maroš Ovčarik, finančný analytik PARTNERS:

  • Desať percent: V ideálnom prípade si mesačne odložte aspoň desatinu príjmu do dôchodkových a investičných produktov. Čím skôr začnete, tým menšia suma vám postačí na zaujímavý výsledok.
  • Dlhodobo: Čas je pri investovaní najlepší spojenec – peniaze sa stihnú zhodnotiť a zvládnu prípadné výkyvy. Ak si začnete odkladať v tridsiatke alebo skôr, máte náskok pred tými, ktorí sa prebudia až v štyridsiatke.
  • Diverzifikujte: Nespoliehajte sa len na II. pilier či jedinú nehnuteľnosť. Rozložte riziko: využite aj III. pilier, podielové fondy, ETF, sporenie v banke, životné poistenie so sporením. V kombinácii dokážu vytvoriť solídnu rezervu.

Ako na to v praxi

Využite všetky piliere: I. pilier (štátny) síce tvorí základ, no obvykle nestačí. II. pilier (DSS) pracuje s časťou vašich odvodov na trhoch – pravidelne kontrolujte, či máte dobrú investičnú stratégiu. III. pilier (doplnkové sporenie) prináša extra percentá k penzii, často aj s príspevkom zamestnávateľa. K tomu sa oplatí pridať vlastné investície do fondov, ETF či iných produktov. Aj malé sumy – napríklad 30 eur mesačne – môžu po dlhých rokoch znamenať stovky eur navyše k mesačnému dôchodku.

Zdroj foto: Freepik



[1] FOCUS reprezentatívny prieskum pre PARTNERS. Jún 2024. Vzorka 1 025 respondentov 18+.

   FOCUS reprezentatívny prieskum pre PARTNERS. Jún 2023. Vzorka 1 012 respondentov 18+.

2 komentárov

  • Komentár JBHNews %AM, %06 %111 %2025 %01:%máj napísal JBHNews

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  • Komentár JBH News %PM, %05 %040 %2025 %23:%máj napísal JBH News

    Steroids are addictive whereas HGH usually are not
    addictive and can’t be easily abused.three. Steroids could cause undesirable and irreversible unwanted side effects whereas HGH has little or no
    unwanted effects.four. HGH is well absorbed within the
    body whereas steroids usually are not easily absorbed into the physique.
    If you’re a daily anabolic steroid person, you’ve probably grown used to buying quite good high quality steroids from
    underground labs.
    Trying on longer term adjustments in IGF-I, Nindl et al.
    (148) monitored in a single day IGF-I following heavy
    resistance train and showed IGF-I concentrations remained unaffected.

    Nevertheless, IGFBP-2 increased and ALS decreased indicating that
    binding protein partitioning, quite than changes in systemic
    IGF-I, seemed to be an necessary discovering.

    Exercise length and total work also could impression IGFBP-1 changes nevertheless
    it was not see that the modality had as much influence on the response patterns.
    With the novel strategy of microdialysis to measure IGF-I in the interstitial fluid, Nindl et al.
    (149) confirmed whole and free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 had
    been elevated. However, IGF-I in interstitial fluid was unaltered following high-power
    resistance sort exercise.
    All market samples of tilapia (24) have been constructive for testosterone
    hormone, ranging from 2.fifty four to sixteen.ninety six μg/kg and all of them exceeded the
    ADI worth and were 1–8 times greater than the ADI. Summary of single hormone residue
    contamination levels in fish samples from Bangladesh. Nevertheless, you
    presumably can choose steroids with the least unwanted effects to attenuate potential issues.
    Utilizing certain steroids and peptides that carry much less danger can help guarantee a safer expertise.
    When contemplating what is the safest steroid, it’s crucial to take a glance at each the
    potential advantages and the dangers. Primo is known as one of the least
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    Anavar (Oxandrolone) when it comes to unwanted effects.
    Sure, Primo does have unwanted facet effects like hair loss, testosterone shutdown, and so on,
    but it’s far much less bad than other injectable Steroids.

    Several studies have shown systemic elevations in IGF-I produced no elevations in protein synthesis
    or hypertrophy during resistance exercise coaching whereas up-regulation within the muscle isoform was linked to vital muscle hypertrophy (151).
    The isolation of GH from pituitary extracts of many mammalian species, utilizing biochemical techniques available
    at that time [~1950's−1970's], was described in a review by Papkoff and Li (91).

    In addition, investigators also used different forms of biological
    assays to measure circulating GH hormone that had different endpoints (e.g.,
    lipolysis, carbohydrate metabolism). Li to suggest that a better
    name for the hormone could be "metabolic hormone" (93).
    To one of the best of our data, it was additionally during this time interval (1965) that the first
    study documenting that human exercise was a potent stimulus for the release of GH from the pituitary appeared (94).

    The administration of HGH to healthy older grownup men with IGF-I concentration lower than 0.35 U/mL
    confirmed a imply plasma IGF-1 degree rose into the youthful range of zero.5–1.5 U/mL
    and this effect was dose-dependent (Marcus et al., 1990; Rudman et
    al., 1990). With this range, there was a statistically important increase in LBM, a decrease in adipose tissue, an increase in ST, and a rise in liver
    and spleen volumes (Rudman et al., 1990; Münzer et al., 2001).
    In the case of wholesome older women, the administration of HGH resulted
    in a decrease in FM, a rise in markers of bone turnover (hydroxyproline,
    pyridinoline excretion, and osteocalcin), and a discount of
    LDL-cholesterol (Holloway et al., 1997). The administration of HGH to older
    folks considerably decreased urinary nitrogen and sodium excretions, whereas elevated
    serum estradiol and testosterone (Marcus et al., 1990). Also, LBM elevated, and FM decreased statistically considerably with HGH remedy in older adults performing resistance coaching, compared to placebo (Taaffe
    et al., 1994).
    Excessive doses of hGH are used for relief from excessive burns or other thermal injuries.15 However,
    Takala et al16 showed that supraphysiological doses of GH administered to
    critically ill sufferers increased mortality compared with placebo.
    Since the late Fifties, kids with GH deficiency have been handled with hGH
    extracted from cadaver pituitary glands. Lately, due to
    the higher availability of rhGH, hGH deficiency in adults has been recognised as a medical syndrome and studied in medical trials.

    Long time period GH administration research have shown an increase in bone
    mass and persistence of the constructive effects of hGH therapy.
    There remains much to find in regards to the roles of systemic vs.
    locally produced IGF-I in mediating the outcomes of resistance exercise (155).

    HGH just isn't an anabolic/androgenic steroid and can not trigger masculine traits to develop.
    Just like in men, long-term and/or high-dose use does put ladies susceptible to bone,
    tissue, and organ enlargement. Since women are smaller than men, any dimension improve in the palms and
    toes (for example) can appear extra pronounced and noticeable than in males.

    Concerning safety, GH could cause numerous antagonistic reactions,
    such as muscle ache, joint stiffness and pain, paresthesia, carpal tunnel syndrome, and headache.
    These opposed results could also be triggered via fluid retention and are typically preventable by lowering the
    dose [66]. Since GH can affect calcium absorption within the intestine and improve its excretion, calcium stability could additionally be disturbed [72].


    HGH will stimulate the production of IGF-1 – an anabolic hormone that is highly useful to us as
    bodybuilders. Your physique secretes sufficient progress
    hormone from the pituitary gland to provide for the body’s needed functions.
    Taking exogenous HGH amplifies these mechanisms of
    action considerably. The catabolic actions of cortisol resulting in muscle proteolysis happen largely by way of the ubiquitin–proteasome and lysosomal systems (186,
    209–211). Through these proteolytic methods, expression of genes concerned in atrophy ("atrogenes") are elevated,
    which goal proteins for degradation by the proteasome machinery (210).
    Glucocorticoids also may blunt skeletal muscle
    protein synthesis by inhibiting IGF-I signaling, a muscle anabolic progress factor, and growing myostatin signaling,
    a muscle catabolic growth factor, contributing to muscle atrophy (207, 209, 210).


    In satellite tv for pc cell-specific AR knockout mice, type II to
    I fiber conversions and lowered muscle power have been shown (2014).
    Other muscle-specific AR knockout mice models have proven decreased lean tissue mass
    and fast-to-slow fiber kind conversion without concomitant
    modifications in muscle strength (46). Inoue et al. (47) confirmed that administration of an AR antagonist in rats (oxendolone) during 2 weeks of electrical stimulation of the
    gastrocnemius muscle attenuated 70% of stimulation-induced hypertrophy compared to
    the control condition. The identical research group confirmed that electrical stimulation of
    rat gastrocnemius increased AR number by 25% within three days and the AR up-regulation preceded muscle hypertrophy.
    Deschenes et al. (48) showed RT in rats increased AR binding capacity in fast-twitch muscles (i.e., extensor digitorum longus) of rats however not slow-twitch
    (i.e., soleus). In people, hypogonadism, aging, glucocorticoid use,
    weight problems, and androgen deprivation remedy (ADT) are negative regulators of androgen actions.
    A examine from Kvorning et al. (49) confirmed that 8 weeks of
    RT with or with out the GnRH analog goserelin (that lowered TT to ≤2 nmol/L) significantly attenuated will increase in isometric strength
    and leg lean tissue mass.
    The androgen/AR complicated serves as a transcription issue leading to protein synthesis with the assistance
    of co-activator proteins. Prior to androgen stimulation of skeletal
    muscle tissue, larger order muscle tissue activation is required.
    Elevated muscle energy, energy, endurance, and hypertrophy ensuing from RT begins with neural stimulation and the optimum recruitment of motor
    units based mostly on the scale precept. Androgen signaling increases neural
    transmission, neurotransmitter release, motoneuron cell physique and dendrite
    size, and regrowth of damaged peripheral nerves (32).


    To date, the impression of altering endogenous BR content on the plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic
    stresses remains unclear. DR, downregulation; GOF, achieve of operate; LOF,
    lack of function; OX, overexpression. This evaluate article focuses on the
    potential to increase plant yield and stress tolerance via engineering sterol and BR levels and sensitivity (Figures
    1 and 2).

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