Z histórie vzniku injekcií

Injekcia nám pomáha už viac než 160 rokov a v súčasnej dobe je v oblasti aktívnej medicínskej starostlivosti najpoužívanejšou zdravotníckou pomôckou.


Uplatňujú sa v preventívnej, ambulantnej ale aj domácej liečbe, v estetickej medicíne alebo dokonca pri liečbe vážnych duševných ochorení, akým je napríklad schizofrénia.


História vzniku injekcií

Prvý krát sa injekčná striekačka objavila už v 1. storočí, kedy ju Aulus Cornelius Celsus, jeden z najväčších rímskych lekárskych spisovateľov, odporučil ako vhodný nástroj na odstránenie cudzích telies z ucha. Od striekačky slúžiacej na výplachy a čistenie rán sa k vnútrožilovému použitiu s pripojením injekčnej ihly prešlo v 17. storočí, kedy sa pomocou nej liečila horúčka u vojakov. Do ambulantnej liečby pacientov sa začali injekcie postupne začleňovať až v 19. storočí.

Za „otca injekcií“ sa považuje škótsky lekár Alexander Wood. Jeho injekčná striekačka bola využívaná hlavne na lokálnu anestéziu morfínom. Objav inzulínu v roku 1922 znamenal nárast užívania injekcií a v druhej polovici 19. storočia sa v Paríži prvýkrát vyrobila celosklenená injekčná striekačka. Nie dlho po tom bol udelený prvý patent na plastovú striekačku. Boli to práve 50. roky 19. storočia,  s ktorými sa spája začlenenie injekcií do bežnej lekárskej praxe. Od tej doby už ubehlo viac než 160 rokov a injekcie sa stali neodmysliteľnou súčasťou zdravotníckej starostlivosti.


Kde všade injekcie pomáhajú?

Najrozšírenejším ochorením, ktoré sa lieči pomocou injekcií, je v súčasnosti diabetes. Cukrovkári si svoj život bez inzulínovej injekcie snáď už ani nedokážu predstaviť. Podobne sú na tom silní alergici, ktorým adrenalínové injekcie pomáhajú zabrániť nástupu anafylaktického šoku po požití potravín so silnými alergénmi alebo poštípaní hmyzom. Adrenalínové injekcie sú tiež súčasťou vybavenia každej sanitky a ambulancie urgentného príjmu, kde sa používajú pri resuscitácii.
Injekčná liečba sa používa tiež u očných ochorení, ktoré postihujú hlavne starších jedincov. Ide o vekom podmienenú makulárnu degeneráciu (VPMD), pri ktorej sa do oka vpichuje výživový roztok.
Injekcie sa vo väčšom meradle začínajú využívať aj v hormonálnej liečbe. Používajú sa hlavne u žien, a to ako antikoncepčný prostriedok alebo na riešenie problémov s otehotnením.

V súčasnej dobe sa do popredia dostáva aj liečba duševných ochorení pomocou antipsychotík v injekčnej forme. Len schizofréniou v súčasnosti trpí asi 1-2 % celkovej populácie. Injekčná liečba zabezpečuje stabilnú hladinu účinnej látky v tele, eliminuje tlak na pacienta a kontrolu, či svoje lieky užil. Viac než polovica pacientov totiž prestane do pol roka lieky užívať, čo je jednou z častých komplikácií liečby. Injekčná forma podania lieku však tieto komplikácie dokáže do značnej miery eliminovať.
Menej známymi oblasťami využitia injekcií je karboxyterapia. Je to liečba založená na lokálnom pôsobení oxidu uhličitého v koži a svaloch. V dôsledku zlepšenia prekrvenia postihnutých oblastí sa rany hoja lepšie, a zvyšuje sa aj celková výživa tkanív.

Nemôžeme opomenúť ani použitie injekcií v oblasti prevencie – očkovanie, alebo k použitiu v lokálnej a celkovej anestézii u chirurgických zákrokov.

Samostatnou kapitolou je použitie injekcie v estetickej medicíne. V liečebných kozmetických zákrokoch predstavuje injekcia spoľahlivého pomocníka pri vyhladzovaní vrások alebo zväčšovaní pier (k odstraňovaniu vrások sa používajú botulotoxínové injekcie). Jednou z novších injekčným metód využívaných v kozmetickej medicíne je „lipografting“ – autotransplantácia vlastného tuku z jednej časti cela na inú.

Botulotoxínové injekcie slúžia tiež k ambulantnej liečbe. Pomáhajú hlavne ľuďom trpiacim tzv. hyperhydrózou – nadmerným potením.


Nebáť sa pichnutia

U množstva ochorení predstavujú injekcie efektívnejší spôsob liečby než alternatíva vo forme tabliet. Účinok sa pri intravenóznej aplikácii dostaví omnoho rýchlejšie, niektoré liečivé látky sa navyše vo forme tabliet ani podať nedajú, pretože by ich tráviace enzýmy rozpustili. Medzi výhody injekcií nepochybne patrí tiež to, že sa dajú aplikovať aj v bezvedomí. V neposlednom rade je injekčné podávanie liekov (hlavne dlhodobo pôsobiacich injekcií) menej stigmatizujúce. Pacienti nemusia užívať tablety každý deň, a neustále si tým chorobu pripomínať. Aplikácia injekcií zároveň u pacientov znižuje aj riziko prerušenia liečby. Účinná látka je po podaní dlhodobo pôsobiacich injekcií udržiavaná v tele v rovnakej hladine, čo má pozitívny vplyv na život pacienta.

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