Hormóny v nás

Hormóny sú „chemický poslovia“, ktorí prenášajú v našom organizme informácie z jednej bunky do druhej, čo umožňuje telu riadiť a koordinovať priebeh metabolických reakcií. Ak nefungujú, nastáva problém.

 

system hormon 1200x771V tele prebieha množstvo metabolických reakcií, preto aj existujú rôzne hormóny, ktoré sa tvoria v špeciálnych tkanivách a pôsobia na bunky v cieľových tkanivách a orgánov, kam sa spravidla dostávajú krvným prúdom. Nie sú zdrojom energie ani stavebnou súčasťou živej hmoty.
Majú bielkovinový charakter (hormóny hypofýzy, štítnej žľazy, prištítnych teliesok, pankreasu), derivátov aminokyselín (hormóny drene nadobličiek) a steroidov (hormóny kôry nadobličiek, semenníkov, vaječníkov)
Tkanivové hormóny sa podieľajú na tvorbe buniek v rôznych orgánoch. Medzi skupinu tkanivových hormónov patria hormóny tráviaceho systému (gastrointesti¬nálneho traktu), ktoré sa vytvárajú v sliznici žalúdka a tenkého čreva a ovplyvňujú funkcie jednotlivých častí tráviacej sústavy.
Jednotlivé hormóny sa v bunkách viažu na receptory určené pre konkrétny hormón. Celý hormonálny systém funguje na princípe jednoduchej spätnej väzby, kedy odpoveď bunky na príjem hormónu ovplyvní jeho zdroj, čiže žľazu. Oproti neurotransmiterom, ktoré prenášajú nervové vzruchy, hormóny pôsobia omnoho pomalšie. Ich doba pôsobenia je od niekoľko minút až po niekoľko týždňov. Endokrinný systém sa uplatňuje hlavne pri pomalých reakciách dlhodobého charakteru.
Pre ľudský organizmus sú dôležité všetky hormóny, ale niektoré z nich, tie známejšie sú o niečo viac dôležitejšie.

K správnemu fungovaniu nášho organizmu je potrebná hormonálna rovnováha. Nerovnováha vzniká pri ich nedostatku (hypofunkčná) alebo keď ich je viac (hyperfunkčná). V prípade, že niektoré hormóny chýbajú, môžeme ich do tela dodať potravou alebo syntetickými hormónmi. Najrozšírenejším príkladom je hormonálna antikoncepcia, ďalšie syntetické hormóny vznikajú na podporu pri poruchách rastu, ale aj doplnkový liek pri starnutí.

A – adrenalín (epinefrin)
Hormón pripravuje telo na extrémny výkon, zrýchľuje srdcovú činnosť, zlepšuje prekrvenie svalov, zvyšuje ventiláciu pľúc, rozširuje zorničky. Ide skôr o negatívne vplyvy na náš organizmus, preto proti nemu pracuje kortizol, ktorý pred poškodením chráni.

D – dopamin
Vzniká prevažne v hypotalame a v menšej miere v dreni nadobličiek. Funguje ako neuroprenášač a poškodenie jeho dráh úzko súvisí so vznikom Parkinsonovej choroby. Svoju najznámejšiu úlohu zohráva pri vzniku motivácie, emócií a navodenia príjemných pocitov na rôzne udalosti, ale aj po požití kokaínu.

E – endorfín
Hovorí sa mu aj hormón šťastia, pretože sa viaže na rovnaké ópiove receptory ako napríklad morfín, kodeín a heroín. Spôsobuje dobrú náladu, tlmí bolesť a výdaj ďalších hormónov.

E – estrogén
Je to hlavný ženský pohlavný hormón, ktorý zodpovedá za rozvoj a reguláciu ženského reprodukčného systému a sekundárnych pohlavných znakov. Poznáme tri hlavné formy estrogénu: estron (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) a štvrtý, ktorý vzniká iba u tehotných žien – estetrol (E4). Estrogény sa v menšej miere vyskytujú aj v mužskom tele, kde regulujú vývoj spermií a majú úlohu aj vo vývoji libida.

I – inzulín
Jeho úlohou je znižovať v tele hladinu cukrov. Pokiaľ je ho nedostatok, spôsobuje diabetes mellitus. Proti inzulínu pracuje ako protiklad hormón glykagon.

O – oxytocin
Označuje sa ako hormón dôvery a lásky. Pri jeho uvoľnení z neurohypofýzy dochádza u žien k stimulácii poprsia, maternice a vagíny. Podobne ako pri dotyku a hľadení. Oxytocín spôsobuje príjemné pocity pri sexe. Rovnako má nezastupiteľný vplyv na pôrod, dojčenie a pomáha budovať vzťah medzi matkou a jej dieťaťom.

T – testosterón
Ide o hlavný mužský pohlavný hormón.V puberte spôsobuje vývoj sekundárnych pohlavných znakov a v dospelosti spolu s ďalším hormónom (androgén) udržuje mužský vzhľad a ovplyvňuje dozrievanie spermií.

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