Spánok...

...je základnou biologickou potrebou človeka a z hľadiska nervovej sústavy nie je to pasívny ale vysoko aktívny dej s minimálnym pohybom tela.

>> Móda >> Aktuálne >> Spánok...

Popritom sa prejavuje znížená reaktivita na vonkajšie podnety so striedaním spánkových fáz. Väčšina dospelej populácie spí 7 až 8 hodín denne, závisle od veku prípadne zdravotného stavu osoby. Za normálne sa považuje rozpätie cca. od 4 do 11 hodín.

NREM a REM spánok
NREM (no rapid eye movements) – spánok bez rýchlych očných pohybov je vývojovo starší, objavil sa pred 180 mil. rokov, kedy začal slúžiť úspore energie v nočnej fáze dňa. NREM spánok sa stáva k ránu plytším a skracuje sa, naopak REM fáza sa predlžuje.
REM (rapid eye movements) – spánok sprevádzaný rýchlymi očnými pohybmi, táto fáza sa prejavila cca. o 50 mil. rokov neskôr o čom svedčí, že REM spánok sa nevyskytuje u obojživelníkov, plazov a najprimitívnejších cicavcov.
- jedna fáza NREM a REM tvorí dohromady jeden spánkový cyklus, ktorý trvá u človeka približne 70 – 100 minút

Mozog spiaceho človeka je schopný rozlišovať význam sluchových podnetov ako je napríklad oslovenie vlastným menom, na neutrálny výraz nereaguje. Vo všeobecnosti o spánku platí, že počas neho klesá krvný tlak, dychová frekvencia a frekvencia tepu. Alfa vlny o frekvencii 8 – 12Hz, sprevádzajú stav relaxačnej bdelosti, s rastúcou ospalosťou sa frekvencie spomaľujú a dochádza k spánku. Práve hladina Alfa sa často využíva pri výučbe napr. cudzích jazykov – je to časový úsek medzi bdelosťou a spánkom, keď mozog je pripravený na "nasávanie" vedomostí.

Počiatok spánku prebieha v hladine Alfa (to je asi 5% doby spánku). Pomalé pohyby očí až po hlboký spánok je vo fáze NREM v hladinách Theta a Delta.
REM - nepravidelné, rýchle očné pohyby aktivizujú myšlienkové procesy, mozog pracuje podobne ako počas dňa s tým rozdielom, že nie je ovplyvňovaný vonkajšími podnetmi, vôľou a rozhodovaním. V tejto fáze je sústredená väčšina snov. V roku 2000 zistili izraelský lekári, že počas REM fázy v raných hodinách, dochádza k väčšine srdcových kolapsov. U zdravého človeka prerušením REM-spánku dochádza k rebound fenoménu, to znamená, že v nasledujúcu noc sa vyskytne viac REM-spánku ako obyčajne. U pacientov s primárnou depresiou potlačenie REM-spánku má za následok zlepšenie nálady.

Narušenie spánku znižuje kvalitu života a zdravie človeka z niekoľkých dôvodov. V tme a v spánku sa tvorí hormón melatonin nazývaný aj hormónom mladosti. Jeho nedostatok spôsobuje niektoré nádorové ochorenia. K jeho tvorbe potrebujeme tmu, napríklad ak v blízkosti spiaceho človeka zasvietite, jeho tvorba sa zastaví až na 2 hodiny.

V súčasnej dobe je známych približne 90 porúch spánku, niektorou z nich trpí občas či v ľahšej forme až 50% ľudí, 13%ľudí má vážnejší problém.
Námesačnosť a nočné desy sa objavujú v 4. fáze NREM, nočné mory zase vo fáze REM.

Aby sme zakončili trochu optimisticky tieto informácie, treba si uvedomiť, že problematika poruchy spánku je dostatočne prebádaná a vždy sa nájde pomoc.

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