Tajomstvá obrovských megalitov

V neolite a v strednej dobe bronzovej si naši predkovia stavali megality – veľké kamenné bloky do jednoduchých stavieb, radov a kruhov. Nachádzame ich vo Francúzsku, Írsku, Anglicku a Sardínii.

Megalitické pamiatky sa našli aj na našom území za budovou historickej manufaktúry v Holíči. K ich objaveniu došlo v roku 1988 vďaka PhDr. Rudolfovi Iršovi, ktorý o nich napísal aj publikáciu. Megality v Holíči je komplex kultových balvanov s prastarými rytinami, ktoré sú symbolicky usporiadané do tvaru slnečných hodín a najväčší z nich meria až 6,8 metra. Slovenské megality sú najvýchodnejšie položené megalitické stavby v strednej Európe.

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Kruhové vežovité pevnosti z balvanov nazývané nuraghy z obdobia pred 1800 až 600 p.n.l. nájdete ich len na Sardínii, kde ich napočítali okolo sedem tisíc. Sú to kamenné kopule s hrubými múrmi niekoľko metrov, vysoké až 20 metrov a nachádzajú sa v nich tri miestnosti nad sebou.

Viete že?

Megalit v preklade znamená veľký kameň.

Megalitické stavby sú z kamenných blokov postavené zložité komplexy a dlhé múry pretkávané s vchodmi a komorami.

Menhir v preklade znamená dlhý kameň, samostatne stojací, neopracovaný alebo len čiastočne.

Trilit je jednoduchá stavba – „ mohutná brána“, postavená v neolite z dvoch pilierov a a prekladu.

Henge je postavený komplex viacerých kruhov z trilitov alebo menhirov, obklopený valom a priekopou, spojenou so štyrmi priechodmi v bodoch kopírujuce svetové strany. (stonehenge, woodhenge).

Kromlech („krivý kameň“) je megalitická stavba vytvorená zo stojatých kameňov radených do priamok alebo kriviek (kruhov), hore spojených vodorovným kameňom na spôsob nadpražia alebo kladia. Vyskytuje sa vo Francúzsku napríklad v Carnacu, kde zaberajú až 400 hektárov a s radmi dlhými až jeden kilometer.

Dolmen je kamenný stôl tvorený vodorovným prekladom ležiacim na rovnako gigantických blokoch, v podobe vchodu alebo uzavretej komory. Najčastejšie pochádzajú z obdobia 4000 – 3000 p.n.l, posledné nálezy sú z bronzovej doby. Nájdeme ich najmä v západnej Európe a na Britských ostrovoch, ale aj v iných častiach sveta.

Demidolmen je predchodca dolmena, tvorený dvoma kameňmi - strana dlhšieho leží na zemi a druhá na druhom kameni.

Skrinkový hrob ide o dolmen zapustený do zeme, tzv. Chodbový hrob je spojený so svetom dlhou prístupovou cestou.

Transeptová komora – komora vytvorená podobnou konštrukciou ako dolmen, zapustená do zeme, svojím tvarom je podobná chodbe so zložitým pôdorysom, skladá sa z osovej chodby s priečnymi komorami. Nachádza sa napríklad v West Kennet, Avebury (Anglicko).

Vizír slúžil ako zameriavač pre určovanie polôh hviezd, Mesiaca a Slnka a dopĺňal ostatné megalitické stavby.

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