Kométa nad Raidingom: zrod génia Franza Liszta

Napísal Mag. Péter Szedlák, Rakúska Turistika 20. november 2023

Svetoznámy klavirista Lang Lang označil Franza Liszta za svojho absolútne najobľúbenejšieho skladateľa. V kreslenom filme „Tom a Jerry“ hrá kocúr na „Madness concert“ Uhorskú rapsódiu č. 2. 

Malého Langa Langa údajne tak nadchla hra na klavíri, rapsódia a Liszt, že to spečatilo jeho svetovú kariéru klavírnej hviezdy.  V roku 1811 v romantickom Raidingu by si určite nikto ani len nepomyslel, že takmer o 200 rokov neskôr prinesú dve postavičky z kresleného filmu – a síce myš a kocúr vo fraku – melódiu Uhorskej rapsódie až do čínskeho Mandžuska, domova Langa Langa.

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Franz Liszt © Win Museum Onlinesammlung

O umelcovi

Na jeseň roku 1811 sa na oblohe nad cisársko-kráľovskou monarchiou Rakúsko-Uhorska objavila kométa. Pri pohľade na kométu nad Raidingom predpovedala veštkyňa Lisztovým rodičom, že sa im narodí génius. Jediné dieťa manželov Adama a Marie Anny teda uzrelo svetlo sveta pod veľmi dobrou hviezdou a veštkyňa od kočovníkov mala mať pravdu: Liszt sa stal hudobným skladateľom, hudobníkom, spisovateľom, svetským duchovným, učencom, riaditeľom orchestra a divadla, dirigentom a klaviristom. Okrem toho mal výrazný scénický talent: jeho svojrázny a temperamentný štýl, v akom sa prezentoval pri krídle, sa zapísal do dejín hudby.

Zázračný chlapec z Raidingu

Franz Liszt sa narodil 22. októbra 1811 v Raidingu, malej obci v Burgenlande blízko dnešných hraníc s Maďarskom. V časoch rakúsko-uhorskej monarchie patril Burgenland k Uhorsku ako jednej z korunných krajín, súčasťou Rakúska sa stal až v roku 1921. Lisztova rodina mala nemecký pôvod, takže aj on bol vychovávaný a vzdelával sa po nemecky. Prvých 11 rokov svojho života strávil Liszt v Raidingu, potom sa rodina presťahovala do Viedne.

Liszt bol istotne jedným z hudobných velikánov, ktorému sa za života dostalo maximálnej pozornosti. Zázračné dieťa z Raidingu sa preslávilo na celom svete. Podpora pre jeho hudobné nadanie od raného veku sa vyplatila. Už ako 7-ročný poznal a vedel písať noty a ako 9-ročný po prvý raz vystupoval na oficiálnom klavírnom koncerte u kniežaťa Esterházyho v Prešporku, kde nadchol svojich poslucháčov. Noviny o tom priniesli túto správu:

V nedeľu, 26. dňa tohto mesiaca, o poludňajšej hodine, mal deväťročný virtuóz Franz Liszt tú česť predviesť sa na klavíri pred početným zhromaždením tunajšej vysokej šľachty a viacerých priateľov umenia v dome vysokourodzeného grófa Michaela Esterházyho. Mimoriadne nadanie tohto umelca, ako aj jeho schopnosť vysporiadať sa s obťažnými pasážami a zahrať na prvý raz všetko, čo mu predložené bolo, vzbudili všeobecný obdiv a tie najvyššie očakávania.

(Zdroj: Städtische Preßburger Zeitung z 28. 11. 1820)

Od zázračného chlapca k popstar

Podobne ako dnešné hudobné hviezdy hosťoval na svojich turné v najvýznamnejších koncertných sieňach južnej a strednej Európy ba dokonca i v Konštantínopole, Petrohrade a Moskve. Liszt vždy cestoval so svojimi spolupracovníkmi a dvomi klavírnymi krídlami. Logistika turné a ciest po Európe musela byť teda nemalou finančnou výzvou. 

Miláčik žien a mecén

Veľký majster bol obletovaným miláčikom žien a udržiaval vášnivé vzťahy so vzdelanými a inteligentnými dámami z európskej aristokracie. Dcéra Cosima zo vzťahu s grófkou Marie d’Agoult sa neskôr vydala za Richarda Wagnera, ktorého Liszt ako svokor štedro podporoval. Svojho vplyvného manžela chcela pre sobáš s Lisztom opustiť aj kňažná Caroline Saynová-Wittgensteinová. Manželstvu medzi ňou a svetoznámym hudobníkom zabránilo napokon iba vatikánske veto.

Liszt zažíval však aj veľké krízy a skľúčenosť. Ako veriaci človek nachádzal pokoj a útočisko v kresťanskej viere, ktorá ho sprevádzala už od detstva v Raidingu. Vo vyššom veku mu bola udelená nižšia hodnosť svetského duchovného. Ako mecén podporoval hudobné dianie, vyučoval a ako predseda Uhorskej hudobnej akadémie plnil i mnohé ďalšie významné funkcie.

Viete čo bola "Lisztománia"?

Autorom pojmu „Lisztománia“ je sám veľký Heinrich Heine, ktorý v roku 1840 ako fejtonista a parížsky korešpondent písal pre noviny Allgemeine Zeitung. Fenoménu hystérie okolo vystúpení Franza Liszta tak dal výstižné meno. Čo však bolo také výnimočné na Lisztovi a jeho takmer „diabolskej“ hre na klavír?

Liszt si očividne už ako dieťa vytvoril vlastný štýl hry na klavír. Štýl jeho hry na klavír odzrkadľujú i karikatúry vtedajšej doby: tieto kolorované kresby sú dodnes hodnotnými umeleckými dielami a svedkami z obdobia početných Lisztových vystúpení. Lisztománia sa skončila v roku 1848 – po 9 rokoch nepretržitého koncertného turné. V 36 rokoch bol Liszt už vyčerpaný zo slávy a vystupovania.

Stal sa majstrom orchestra a dvorným kapelníkom vo Weimare. Stretnutie s Richardom Wagnerom položilo základy blízkeho priateľstva medzi obidvoma hudobníkmi, ktoré však ukončil vzťah Wagnera a Lisztovej dcéry Cosimy. Liszt sa venoval „symfonickým básňam“ a jeho vzťah k viere vyjadril vo svojich kompozíciách. Liszt žil striedavo v Ríme a vo Weimare, kde vyučoval mnohých žiakov. V roku 1875 stal predsedom novej hudobnej akadémie v Budapešti. 

Osudový pád na schodisku v jeho weimarskom dome viedol k dlhotrvajúcim zdravotným problémom. Liszt navštívil i svoju dcéru Cosimu v Bayreuthe, ktorá po smrti manžela Richarda Wagnera prevzala vedenie hudobných slávností. Liszt zomrel na následky zápalu pľúc 31. júla 1886 a je pochovaný na cintoríne v Bayreuthe

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Lisztovo centrum © Günter Pint

Na pamiatku Franza Liszta bol jeho rodný dom – stavba z obdobia raného baroka patriaca k majeru kniežaťa Esterházyho – prebudovaný na „Lisztov dom“, v ktorom sa nachádza múzeum o jeho živote a diele.

Hneď vedľa Lisztovho rodného domu vzniklo v roku 2006 „Lisztovo centrum v Raidingu“ s koncertným domom, kde sa koná svetoznámy „Lisztov festival v Raidingu“, ako aj rôzne série koncertov niekoľko raz ročne.

V Raidingu nájdete aj zážitkový chodník „liszt.life-Erlebnisweg“, ktorý vedie po stopách Franza Liszta v jeho rodisku. Náučný chodník si vás získa ukážkami hudobných diel, príbehmi z Lisztovho života a zaujímavými informáciami o živote v minulosti.

Mali by ste vedieť, že...

... skomponoval 703 hudobných diel vrátane 1 opery.
... hudobné základy mu dali slávni učitelia hudby Carl Czerny a Antonio Salieri.
... jeho hudobnými vzormi boli Paganini, Mozart, Haydn, di Lasso, Bach a Händel.
... udržiaval dlhodobé vzťahy s grófkou Marie d’Agoult (matka jeho troch detí vrátane Cosimy Wagnerovej) a kňažnou Caroline Saynová-Wittgensteinovou.
... medzi jeho priateľmi z umeleckých kruhov patrili Berlioz, Hugo, Weber, Wagner, Chopin, Mendelssohn či Schumann.

Na záver si vypočujte Franza Liszta

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