Formy partnerského spolužitia

Svet nie je čiernobiely a všetko má nejaké tie klady a nejaké tie zápory. Z daného sa nevymyká ani úradný partnerský vzťah - manželstvo. V súčasnosti vidieť zaujímavý vývoj rodinných foriem, od tradičných modelov až po registrované manželstvá.

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Časy, keď hlavným zmyslom existencie mladých žien bol vydaj, sú nenávratne za nami a o rozhodnutí ženy legalizovať svoj partnerský vzťah či nie a kedy rozhodujú iné skutočnosti ako obavy zo zaradenia od "milovníkov mravnej a prehľadnej spoločnosti" do kategórie "stará dievka".

Obe formy partnerského spolužitia - "voľného" i "manželského" - so sebou prinášajú iné psychologické a praktické výhody a znevýhodnenia. Záleží na optike a prioritách konkrétnej ženy. Pretože žena - ako nositeľka života - vkladá do partnerstva väčší kapitál a tehotenstvom a starostlivosťou o dieťa je ekonomicky znevýhodnená, musí svoje konečné rozhodnutie o oficiálnej podobe partnerstva zvážiť z viacerých uhlov pohľadu.

Naša súčasná právna úprava sa zaoberá spolužitím dvoch osôb rôzneho pohlavia len ako manželským spolužitím a to najmä zákonom o rodine a Občianskym zákonníkom. Spolužitie osôb žijúcich v konkubináte čiastočne rieši Občiansky zákonník (paragraf 115), kde sa domácnosť definuje ako: "spolužitie fyzických osôb, trvalo spolu žijúcich a spoločne uhrádzajúcich náklady na domácnosť a svoje potreby".
Napriek spoločenskej požiadavke "nemanželské spolužitie" rieši zákon v SR len okrajovo, preto je vhodné, aby si zúčastnené strany (ktoré sa rozhodli pre danú formu spolužitia) dohodli podmienky, za akých budú viesť spoločnú domácnosť. Uzatvorením písomnej dohody (bežná dohoda medzi dvoma osobami) predídu prípadným sporom v súvislosti s rozhodnutím o ukončení spolužitia.

Základné rozdiely medzi manželským spolužitím a konkubinátom (spolužijúcimi osobami) sú:

Postavenie manželov v manželstve upravujú príslušné právne predpisy, ktoré určujú práva a povinnosti manželov, ich vzťah k deťom, nadobudnutému majetku...

V praxi to znamená, že za otca dieťaťa sa automaticky považuje manžel matky a z tohoto faktu mu vyplýva vyživovacia povinnosť. Matka a dieťa tak majú určitú ochranu vo forme základného sociálneho zabezpečenia. V prípade ovdovenia má vdova nárok na vdovský príspevok a dieťa na sirotský príspevok; okrem toho je vdova dedičkou majetku v prvom poradí; v prípade deľby majetku pri rozvode je manželka polovičnou vlastníčkou majetku nadobudnutého počas manželstva, ak dohoda neupravuje majetkové pomery inak.

V prípade konkubinátu (spolužijúcich osôb) neexistuje právna úprava vzťahov partnerov v zákonnej podobe - okrem možnosti uzavrieť písomnú dohodu.

Uzavretá dohoda potom upravuje delenie majetku a náklady na spolužitie. Ak sa v rámci daného spolužitia narodí dieťa, má postavenie dieťaťa slobodnej matky - od určenia otcovstva a zverenia do výchovy, až po stanovenie príspevkov na výživu. Pokiaľ spolužijúce osoby nemajú písomnú dohodu a chýba závet, v prípade úmrtia jedného z partnerov sa druhý stáva dedičom majetku v druhom až treťom poradí; pričom pozostalý partner nemá nárok ani na vdovský príspevok. Postavenie dieťaťa v takomto prípade rieši zákon o rodine (sirotský príspevok, sociálne štipendium...).

Liberálnejšie krajiny reagovali na nové trendy uzákonením registrovaného partnerstva, prípadne možnosťou uzatvoriť manželstvo medzi osobami rovnakého pohlavia. Na programe dňa je aj o možnosť adopcie detí. U nás je táto možnosť partneského spolužitia stále odmietaná.  Po prvýkrát došlo k snahe uzákoniť registrované partnerstvá už v roku 2001, ale neúspešne.

Krajiny, v ktorých je akceptované a povolené manželstvo rovnakého pohlavia vo všeobecnosti uznávajú aj registrované partnerstvá rovnakého pohlavia uzavreté v iných štátoch. V Čechách sú povolené registrované partnerstvá, ale uzatvorenie manželstva osôb rovnakého pohlavia v SR zákon nepripúšťa. Právny poriadok s inštitútom registrovaného partnerstva stále neráta v týchto krajinách EÚ: Bulharsko, Lotyšsko, Litva, Poľsko, Rumunsko, Slovensko

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