Ako vybrať správnu hračku

Ako zabaviť dieťa a čo by mala hračka spĺňať? Na tieto otázky odpovedá psychologička PhDr. Katarína Filasová z Centra zvyšovania psychickej odolnosti.


Psychologička Katarína Filasová tvrdí, že dôležitý je prístup rodičov. Vyskúšajte sa na činnosti, ktoré dieťa robí, dívať ako na tréning jeho zručností. Nejde o to, začať dieťa preťažovať a zahlcovať, ale dívať sa na jeho hru optikou, že niečo trénuje, učí sa, a nie, že sa má dobre baviť. Takže aj keď sa napríklad nudí, nie je vašou povinnosťou ho zabaviť. Je na ňom, aby si hľadalo, čím sa zabaví a tým sa učilo svoju nudu riešiť. Dieťa sa ešte len učí a je na vás, aby ste mu pomohli. A to „pomohli“ v podstate znamená, že musíte hľadať možnosti, ako mu vytvoriť vhodné podmienky pre rozvoj.

Z hľadiska rozvoja dieťaťa sú napr. vhodné hračky tvárne, stačí len hmota: piesok, papier, plastelína, cesto, moderné formy tvarovacích hmôt rôzneho zloženia. Nasledujú jednoduché kocky, potom stavebnice s rôznymi druhmi „zámkov“, ktoré si udržia zložený tvar. Takéto stavebnice sú variabilné a flexibilné v rámci niekoľkých veľkostí (podľa vekových skupín). Pri týchto základných hračkách väčšinou platí, že ak rodič dieťati predvedie rôzne možnosti tvorby, dokáže sa dieťa čoskoro účelne zabaviť samo a aplikuje svoje poznatky v ďalších podobných činnostiach. Zároveň je ale potrebné myslieť na to, že každé dieťa je iné a čo jedno priamo hltá, druhé vôbec nemusí baviť. Preto keď o tieto hračky dieťa nejaví záujem, rozhodne ho nenúťte a nechajte ho vybrať si, s čím sa chce hrať.

Od hračky sa očakáva, že bude spĺňať niekoľko podstatných bodov:

- má pôsobiť na rozvoj všetkých zložiek detskej osobnosti
- mala by podnecovať pohybový, zmyslový, rozumový a citový vývoj dieťaťa
- dieťa by si malo vďaka hračke rozvíjať svoje spoločenské postoje a vytvárať si dobré návyky
- hračka by mala zároveň prebúdzať a rozvíjať detskú fantáziu

Pri výbere hračky je nutné riadiť sa vekom dieťaťa a správne ho zaradiť do príslušnej vývojovej etapy.

Vývojové etapy:

1. novorodenecké obdobie – dieťa vo veku do 1 mesiaca po pôrode

- V tomto období si vytvára predovšetkým osobný kontakt, ktorý je pre neho najdôležitejší. Hračky v tomto období ustupujú do pozadia a plnia funkciu prevažne dekoračnú.

Baby Direkt odporúča: Nočné svetlo medvedíky s projektorom (WEINA)


2. dojčenské obdobie
– prvý rok života dieťaťa

- Deťom sa rozvíja sluch a od neho sa odvíjajú prvé náznaky reči. Ďalším dôležitým zmyslom, ktorý sa rozvíja je hmat. Prejavujú sa aj prvé znaky rytmizácie. Rýchly priebeh vývoja je spôsobený veľkým množstvom podnetov, prevažne z hračiek. Deťom sa v tomto veku páčia napr. závesné hračky na kočík, edukatívne plyšové hračky alebo hracie podložky s hrazdičkou. Zavŕšením tohto obdobia je vývin motoriky
a koordinácie. Deti začínajú využívať dynamické hračky, ako sú napríklad vláčiky, loptičky, kocky, bábiky či hovoriace plyšové zvieratká.

Baby Direkt odporúča: Hojdačka baby swing (Injusa)


3. období batoľaťa
– od 1 do 3 rokov života dieťaťa

- Obdobie batoľaťa je charakterizované významnými zmenami. Prvá zásadná zmena je motorická, keď sa dieťa naučí chodiť. Ďalšia zásadná zmena je schopnosť komunikovať a uvedomenie si samého seba. K výcviku koordinácie svalových pohybov a k napomáhaniu odstránenia priestorovej neistoty dieťaťa prispievajú motorické hry. K tomuto rozvoju im pomáhajú hračky ako sú loptičky, odrážadlá, vozíky alebo ťahacie hračky.
precvičovaniu jemnej motoriky, spevneniu držania ruky a paže, zlepšenie koordinácie obidvoch rúk dobre poslúžia hračky ako sú puzzle, stavebnice, kocky atď.
Intelektuálne (námetové = úlohové) hry v sebe odrážajú prostredie a vzťahy, v ktorých dieťa vyrastá. Tieto hračky napodobňujú svet nás „dospelých“ - bábiky s plienkami, kuchynské potreby, detské náradie pre stavbárov či záhradníkov.

Baby Direkt odporúča: Interaktívne odrážadlo multifunkčné (Weina), Odrážadlo Princess (Injusa), Hudobný stolček (Weina)


4. predškolský vek
– od 3 do 6 rokov

V predškolskom veku sa deti začleňujú do kolektívu medzi ostatných vrstovníkov. V tomto dôležitom období patria didaktické hry medzi tie, ktoré pomaličky deti pripravujú na školskú dochádzku a rozvíjajú predovšetkým ich duševný rozvoj.
Hračky, ktoré deti v tomto období zabavia a nenásilnou formou im pomôžu vo vývoji sú stavebnice, mozaiky, prvé spoločenské hry, dominá, pexesá či puzzle. Rozličné športové prostriedky sú ako kolobežky, bicykle či korčule sú skvelým prostriedkom na zlepšovanie celkových motorických a fyzických schopností.



Baby Direkt odporúča:
Stan s tunelom a loptičkami (Zopa)




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