Všetky tajomstvá AWD-i – ako funguje inovatívny pohon Toyoty

Napísal TS 15. august 2022

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Čo má spoločné mestský Yaris Cross so 7-miestnym Highlanderom? Toyota v oboch autách využíva svoj inovatívny pohon všetkých kolies AWD-i. Ako funguje a v ktorých modeloch ho nájdete?

toyota_1_822

Za dlhé roky si Toyota vybudovala vynikajúce meno ako výrobca terénnych vozidiel. Modely Hilux a Land Cruiser, ktoré sa vyrábajú a predávajú dodnes, sú jednými z posledných skutočných off-roadov s konštrukciou založenou na ráme a so stálym, mechanickým pohonom všetkých štyroch kolies. Japonský výrobca si uvedomuje, aké výhody plynú z pohonu všetkých kolies, preto sa už roky snaží ponúkať takéto riešenie v čo najväčšom počte modelov. Pre hybridné automobily bol vyvinutý koncept pohonu s pomocou elektromotora zadnej nápravy a základom tejto technológie je možnosť jej využitia v automobiloch takmer všetkých segmentov. Toto riešenie dostalo názov AWD-i, čiže All Wheel Drive – intelligent, teda inteligentný pohon všetkých kolies.

Princípom pohonu AWD-i je, že hybridný model využíva elektromotor na zadnej náprave. To je ten najväčší rozdiel oproti klasickým terénnym autám – nie je tu permanentné spojenie medzi nápravami, hnacím hriadeľom či rozdeľovacou skriňou s reduktorom. Je to počítač, ktorý na základe bleskurýchlych dátových analýz rozhoduje o rozdelení výkonu medzi predné a zadné kolesá.

Aké sú jeho výhody?

Možnosť využitia pohonu AWD-i v mnohých modeloch Toyoty umožňuje architektúra TNGA. Medzi jej najdôležitejšie prednosti patria nízke ťažisko, vysoká tuhosť karosérie a jednoduchosť umiestnenia jednotlivých komponentov hybridného systému. A takisto aj možnosť pridania pohonu všetkých štyroch kolies.

V autách značky Toyota s pohonom AWD-i je hybridný systém prednej nápravy, ktorý pozostáva z benzínového motora, elektromotora a generátora, ktorý dobíja trakčnú batériu. Zadnú nápravu poháňa tretí elektromotor. Prevádzku všetkých zariadení riadi jednotka riadenia energie PCU cez hybridnú prevodovku a menič. Práve tá umožňuje použitie výkonnejších elektromotorov pri zachovaní rovnakého výkonu a kapacity batérie. Toto je tajomstvo výkonu hybridných vozdiel Toyota v elektrickom režime. V konečnom dôsledku to znamená spotrebu paliva podobnú ako pri verzii s výlučne predným pohonom. Ako je to možné? Keď je auto v pohybe, je poháňaná predovšetkým predná náprava. Zadné kolesá vstupujú do akcie len vtedy, keď je to potrebné. Keď systém zaznamená stratu priľnavosti, rozhodne, že na stúpanie do kopca je potrebný väčší výkon, alebo či sa budeme pohybovať po povrchu so zníženou priľnavosťou mimo hlavnej cesty.

Pohon AWD-i znamená aj prídavné jazdné režimy určené na pohyb v náročnejších podmienkach, ako je jazda na snehu alebo v teréne. Navyše, vozidlá s týmto pohonom sú vybavené aj asistenčným systémom pri jazde z kopca. Ďalšou výhodou je, že vďaka kompaktnej veľkosti AWD-i zostáva batožinový priestor veľký a funkčný.

Od mestského crossoveru po 7-miestne SUV

Pohon AWD-i je dostupný v celom rade hybridných SUV a crossoverov značky Toyota. Najmenším automobilom s týmto pohonom je Toyota Yaris Cross. Hybridný pohon je v tomto prípade založený na motore 1,5 z radu Dynamic Force, ktorý produkuje výkon 116 koní. Jeho priemerná spotreba paliva sa pohybuje od 4,7 l/100 km, čo z neho robí najhospodárnejšie SUV v rade Toyota.

1_yaris_cross_822

O čosi väčším autom ako Yaris Cross je Corolla Cross, ktorá debutovala v roku 2022. Takéto auto dovtedy v ponuke Toyoty chýbalo. Model využíva nielen pohon AWD-i, ale aj premiérový hybridný pohon piatej generácie, ktorý je okrem iného efektívnejší vďaka použitiu výkonnejších a ľahších lítium-iónových batérií, ako aj vylepšeniam ostatných komponentov. Okrem toho disponuje zadným elektromotorom s výkonom až 40 koní.

2_corola_cross_822

Pohon AWD-i debutoval v modeli Toyota RAV4 v kombinácii s dvoma typmi hybridných systémov. Prvou možnosťou je full hybrid, v ktorom má pohon s 2,5-litrovým motorom z rady Dynamic Force celkový výkon 222 koní. Zrýchlenie z 0 na 100 km/h je 8,1 sekundy a priemerná spotreba paliva od 5,6 l/100 km. Auto je teraz dostupné v novej verzii Adventure s ešte terénnejším charakterom. Druhým variantom pohonu so systémom AWD-i je plug-in hybrid. Jeho výkon je 306 koní, zrýchlenie z nuly na zadný elektromotor s výkonom 54 koní a objemná batéria vám umožnia cestovať až 75 km v elektrickom režime s nulovými emisiami.

3_rav4_adventure_822

Toyota Highlander je najväčšie auto v rade, ktoré využíva pohon AWD-i. Vďaka hybridnému systému s celkovým výkonom 248 koní zrýchli auto z 0 na 100 km/h za 8,3 sekundy a priemerná spotreba paliva je od 6,6 l/100 km. Highlander s päťmetrovou karosériou ponúka miesto pre sedem osôb a batožinový priestor 1 909 litrov. Navyše je schopný ťahať príves s hmotnosťou až dve tony. Niet divu, že aj tento model sa veľmi rýchlo stal populárnym.

4_highlander_822

Zdroj foto: Toyota

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Všetky tajomstvá AWD-i – ako funguje inovatívny pohon Toyoty

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6	JEventDispatcher->trigger()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/BaseApplication.php:108
5	Joomla\CMS\Application\BaseApplication->triggerEvent()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:668
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:686
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:49

id	select_type	table	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	Extra
1	SIMPLE	m	ALL	idx_client_id_parent_id_alias_language	NEMÔŽE BYŤ POUŽITÝ KĽÚČOVÝ INDEX	NULL	NULL	152	Using where; Pomocou filesort
1	SIMPLE	e	eq_ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	yy039000db.m.component_id	1	Using where

id	select_type	table	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	Extra
1	SIMPLE	s	ref	idx_template,idx_client_id,idx_client_id_home	idx_client_id	1	const	2
1	SIMPLE	e	ref	element_clientid,element_folder_clientid,extension	element_clientid	303	yy039000db.s.template,const	1	Using index condition; Using where

#	Volacia funkcia	Súbor a číslo riadku
25	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1662
24	JDatabaseDriver->loadObject()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:167
23	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::Joomla\CMS\Helper\{closure}()	Rovnaké, ako volanie o riadok nižšie.
22	call_user_func_array()	JROOT/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/CallbackController.php:173
21	Joomla\CMS\Cache\Controller\CallbackController->get()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:175
20	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::loadLibrary()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:43
19	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::getLibrary()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:90
18	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::getParams()	JROOT/libraries/src/Version.php:321
17	Joomla\CMS\Version->getMediaVersion()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:778
16	Joomla\CMS\Factory::createDocument()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:234
15	Joomla\CMS\Factory::getDocument()	JROOT/libraries/gantry5/classes/Gantry/Framework/Theme.php:116
14	Gantry\Framework\Theme->init()	JROOT/libraries/gantry5/classes/Gantry/Component/Theme/AbstractTheme.php:67
13	Gantry\Component\Theme\AbstractTheme->__construct()	JROOT/templates/g5_hydrogen/includes/theme.php:28
12	plgSystemGantry5->{closure}()	JROOT/libraries/gantry5/vendor/pimple/pimple/src/Pimple/Container.php:113
11	Pimple\Container->offsetGet()	JROOT/plugins/system/gantry5/gantry5.php:139
10	plgSystemGantry5->onAfterRouteSite()	JROOT/plugins/system/gantry5/gantry5.php:57
9	plgSystemGantry5->onAfterRoute()	Rovnaké, ako volanie o riadok nižšie.
8	call_user_func_array()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/event/event.php:70
7	JEvent->update()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/event/dispatcher.php:160
6	JEventDispatcher->trigger()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/BaseApplication.php:108
5	Joomla\CMS\Application\BaseApplication->triggerEvent()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:1190
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->route()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:796
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->route()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:218
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:49

#	Volacia funkcia	Súbor a číslo riadku
20	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:117
19	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::saveParams()	JROOT/libraries/src/Version.php:372
18	Joomla\CMS\Version->setMediaVersion()	JROOT/libraries/src/Version.php:331
17	Joomla\CMS\Version->getMediaVersion()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:778
16	Joomla\CMS\Factory::createDocument()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:234
15	Joomla\CMS\Factory::getDocument()	JROOT/libraries/gantry5/classes/Gantry/Framework/Theme.php:116
14	Gantry\Framework\Theme->init()	JROOT/libraries/gantry5/classes/Gantry/Component/Theme/AbstractTheme.php:67
13	Gantry\Component\Theme\AbstractTheme->__construct()	JROOT/templates/g5_hydrogen/includes/theme.php:28
12	plgSystemGantry5->{closure}()	JROOT/libraries/gantry5/vendor/pimple/pimple/src/Pimple/Container.php:113
11	Pimple\Container->offsetGet()	JROOT/plugins/system/gantry5/gantry5.php:139
10	plgSystemGantry5->onAfterRouteSite()	JROOT/plugins/system/gantry5/gantry5.php:57
9	plgSystemGantry5->onAfterRoute()	Rovnaké, ako volanie o riadok nižšie.
8	call_user_func_array()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/event/event.php:70
7	JEvent->update()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/event/dispatcher.php:160
6	JEventDispatcher->trigger()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/BaseApplication.php:108
5	Joomla\CMS\Application\BaseApplication->triggerEvent()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:1190
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->route()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:796
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->route()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:218
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:49

#	Volacia funkcia	Súbor a číslo riadku
14	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1740
13	JDatabaseDriver->loadResult()	JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/RokCommon/PlatformInfo/Joomla.php:31
12	RokCommon_PlatformInfo_Joomla->getDefaultTemplate()	JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/RokCommon/PlatformInfo/Joomla.php:105
11	RokCommon_PlatformInfo_Joomla->setPlatformParameters()	JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/RokCommon/Service.php:71
10	RokCommon_Service::getContainer()	JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/include.php:38
9	require_once JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/include.php	JROOT/plugins/system/rokcommon/rokcommon.php:96
8	plgSystemRokCommon->loadCommonLib()	JROOT/plugins/system/rokcommon/rokcommon.php:54
7	plgSystemRokCommon->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:280
6	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::import()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:182
5	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::importPlugin()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:667
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:686
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:49

#	Volacia funkcia	Súbor a číslo riadku
15	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1740
14	JDatabaseDriver->loadResult()	JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/RokCommon/PlatformInfo/Joomla.php:31
13	RokCommon_PlatformInfo_Joomla->getDefaultTemplate()	JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/RokCommon/PlatformInfo/Joomla.php:67
12	RokCommon_PlatformInfo_Joomla->getDefaultTemplatePath()	JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/RokCommon/PlatformInfo/Joomla.php:106
11	RokCommon_PlatformInfo_Joomla->setPlatformParameters()	JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/RokCommon/Service.php:71
10	RokCommon_Service::getContainer()	JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/include.php:38
9	require_once JROOT/libraries/rokcommon/include.php	JROOT/plugins/system/rokcommon/rokcommon.php:96
8	plgSystemRokCommon->loadCommonLib()	JROOT/plugins/system/rokcommon/rokcommon.php:54
7	plgSystemRokCommon->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:280
6	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::import()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:182
5	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::importPlugin()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:667
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:686
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:49

id	select_type	table	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	Extra
1	SIMPLE	xref	ref	tagID,itemID	itemID	4	const	1	Using where
1	SIMPLE	tag	eq_ref	PRIMARY,published	PRIMARY	4	yy039000db.xref.tagID	1	Using where

id	select_type	table	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	Extra
1	SIMPLE	a	ref	idx_state,idx_access,idx_context	idx_state	1	const	1	Using where; Using temporary; Pomocou filesort
1	SIMPLE	l	eq_ref	idx_langcode	idx_langcode	21	yy039000db.a.language	1	Using where
1	SIMPLE	uc	eq_ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	yy039000db.a.checked_out	1
1	SIMPLE	ag	eq_ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	yy039000db.a.access	1	Using where
1	SIMPLE	ua	eq_ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	yy039000db.a.created_user_id	1	Using where
1	SIMPLE	g	eq_ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	yy039000db.a.group_id	1	Using where

#	Volacia funkcia	Súbor a číslo riadku
14	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Table/Table.php:1264
13	Joomla\CMS\Table\Table->hit()	JROOT/components/com_k2/models/item.php:833
12	K2ModelItem->hit()	JROOT/components/com_k2/views/item/view.html.php:146
11	K2ViewItem->display()	JROOT/libraries/src/MVC/Controller/BaseController.php:664
10	Joomla\CMS\MVC\Controller\BaseController->display()	JROOT/components/com_k2/controllers/controller.php:20
9	K2Controller->display()	JROOT/components/com_k2/controllers/item.php:78
8	K2ControllerItem->display()	JROOT/libraries/src/MVC/Controller/BaseController.php:702
7	Joomla\CMS\MVC\Controller\BaseController->execute()	JROOT/components/com_k2/k2.php:64
6	require_once JROOT/components/com_k2/k2.php	JROOT/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:402
5	Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::executeComponent()	JROOT/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:377
4	Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::renderComponent()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:194
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->dispatch()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:233
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:49

id	select_type	table	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	Extra
1	PRIMARY	c	range	PRIMARY,category,published,access,trash	category	8	NULL	75	Using index condition; Using temporary; Pomocou filesort
1	PRIMARY	i	ref\|filter	PRIMARY,catid,idx_item	catid\|idx_item	4\|7	yy039000db.c.id	77 (50%)	Using index condition; Using where; Using rowid filter
1	PRIMARY	<derived3>	ref	key0	key0	4	yy039000db.i.id	10	FirstMatch(i)
3	DERIVED	NULL	NULL	NULL	NEMÔŽE BYŤ POUŽITÝ KĽÚČOVÝ INDEX	NULL	NULL	NULL	No tables used

Status	Duration
Starting	2.49 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.01 ms
After opening tables	0.00 ms
System lock	0.00 ms
table lock	0.00 ms
init	1.06 ms
Optimizing	0.83 ms
Statistics	0.10 ms
Preparing	0.02 ms
Creating tmp table	0.02 ms
Sorting result	0.01 ms
Executing	0.00 ms
Sending data	8.74 ms
Removing tmp table	0.00 ms
Sending data	134.29 ms
Creating sort index	11.98 ms
Removing tmp table	0.75 ms
Creating sort index	0.01 ms
End of update loop	0.01 ms
Query end	0.00 ms
Commit	0.00 ms
Query end	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.00 ms
Removing tmp table	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.00 ms
Unlocking tables	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.01 ms
Query end	0.00 ms
Starting cleanup	0.00 ms
Freeing items	0.13 ms
Updating status	0.03 ms
Reset for next command	0.02 ms

Status	Duration
Starting	0.06 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.02 ms
After opening tables	0.00 ms
System lock	0.00 ms
table lock	0.00 ms
init	0.03 ms
Optimizing	0.02 ms
Statistics	0.06 ms
Preparing	0.02 ms
Creating tmp table	0.03 ms
Sorting result	0.01 ms
Executing	0.00 ms
Sending data	0.10 ms
Creating sort index	0.02 ms
Removing tmp table	0.03 ms
Creating sort index	0.00 ms
End of update loop	0.00 ms
Query end	0.00 ms
Commit	0.00 ms
Query end	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.00 ms
Unlocking tables	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.00 ms
Query end	0.00 ms
Starting cleanup	0.00 ms
Freeing items	0.00 ms
Updating status	0.02 ms
Reset for next command	0.01 ms

id	select_type	table	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	Extra
1	SIMPLE	m	ref	PRIMARY,published,newsfeeds	published	1	const	25	Using index condition; Using where; Pomocou filesort
1	SIMPLE	mm	ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	yy039000db.m.id	1	Using where; Using index
1	SIMPLE	e	ref	element_clientid,element_folder_clientid	element_clientid	303	yy039000db.m.module,const	1	Using index condition; Using where

Status	Duration
Starting	0.08 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.02 ms
After opening tables	0.00 ms
System lock	0.00 ms
table lock	0.00 ms
init	0.03 ms
Optimizing	0.04 ms
Statistics	0.06 ms
Preparing	0.03 ms
Sorting result	0.01 ms
Executing	0.00 ms
Sending data	0.01 ms
Creating sort index	0.14 ms
End of update loop	0.00 ms
Query end	0.00 ms
Commit	0.00 ms
Query end	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.00 ms
Unlocking tables	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.00 ms
Query end	0.00 ms
Starting cleanup	0.00 ms
Freeing items	0.01 ms
Updating status	0.03 ms
Reset for next command	0.01 ms