Obľúbená bavlna

Bavlna je prírodné vlákno získavané z toboliek a semien rôznych druhov subtropického bavlníku. Bavlníky sa pestujú viac ako 5000 rokov. Najstaršie zachované zbytky tejto tkaniny dokazujú, že už v roku 5000 p.n.l. ju pestovali v Peru a Indii.

Čistá bavlna je ľahká, mäkká, hypoalergénna a dobre saje pot. Jej výraznou prednosťou je pevnosť, avšak je málo pružná a ľahko navlhne. Na pokožke zanecháva príjemný pocit, preto sa vo veľkom používa na šaty, košele, mikiny, detské oblečenie, posteľné obliečky aj spodné prádlo. Buď samostatne alebo často v zmesi s inými prírodnými, či chemickými vláknami ako je polyester, viskóza či elastan. V móde má mnohostranné využitie aj pri výrobe stužiek, šnúrok, šikmín, krajok, alebo nití. V bytovom textile sa s ňou stretávame v podobe záclon, závesov, či poťahov. Svoje uplatnenie má aj v luxusnom segmente. Z jemnej akostnej bavlny sa šijú napríklad pánske košele. Práve tejto prírodnej vláknine vďačíme i za denim a ďalšie textílie ako popelín, krep, damašok, flanel, menčester, či froté a ďalšie.

Čisto bavlnené tkaniny sa ľahko pokrčia, no dobre znášajú vysoké teploty pri vyváraní a žehlení. To sa však nevzťahuje na zmesové materiály. Pokiaľ je do bavlny primiešaný elastan, či iný syntetický materiál, ktorý zlepšuje jej pružnosť, látka znesie pranie a žehlenie len na nižších teplotách. Všetky odevy s potlačou, či s vlasovou alebo reliéfnou štruktúrou treba žehliť z rubovej strany. Menej kvalitné druhy bavlny sa tiež dosť žmolkujú, čomu je možné čiastočne predísť praním vecí obrátených naruby. Dnes sa už vyrába aj mercerovaná bavlna, ktorá je výrazne odolnejšia a preto sa časom neznehodnocuje a nežmolkatie.

bavlnik rast 1200x650

Zaujímavosti

• Bavlna je najdôležitejšou a najrozšírenejšou prírodnou textilnou surovinou. Obsahuje ju až polovica textílií vyrábaných v súčasnosti.

• Do Európy, konkrétne do Talianska a Španielska, sa bavlníky dostali až v 10. stor. p.n.l.

• Dejiny bavlníkov majú aj svoju odvrátenú stránku. Na bavlníkových plantážach bola dlho založená ekonomika celého juhu USA. Jej úspech bol však založený na nechválne známom využívaní práce čiernych otrokov privezených z Afriky.

• Dnes sa najviac bavlny pestuje v Turecku, Pakistane, Egypte, Číne, Brazílii a USA. Mnohotisícročnú pestovateľskú tradíciu si uchovalo aj Peru a India.

• Zber bavlny trvá 3-4 mesiace a dodnes sa často robí ručne. Po jej ukončení sa kríky pália.

• Nazbierané bavlnené chumáčiky sa musia odsemeniť, lebo vlákna ich obrastajú. Čisté vlákna sa lisujú do obrovských balíkov o hmotnosti až do 340 kg.

• Vedľajšími produktami, ktoré sa vyrábajú z krátkych bavlnených vlákien tzv. linters, sú celulóza, vata a papier. Zo semien sa vyrába bavlníkový olej.

• Bavlna je charakteristická tým, že ľahko navlhne. Počas hmlistých a daždivých dní je preto vhodnejšie nosiť skôr vlnené oblečenie, ktoré vlhku lepšie odoláva a tým aj viac hreje.

• Na štítkoch na oblečení má bavlna skratku ba alebo CO z anglického cotton. Objaviť sa môže aj pod názvami Baumwolle alebo algedon.

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