Jesenné a zimné „hubárčenie“

Počas jesene nájdete v našich lesoch najväčšie množstvo rôznych foriem a farieb húb. Je to aj ich obdobie rozmnožovania. Počas zimy končí jeden cyklus, zároveň sa vytvára základ toho budúceho. Po celom lese sú roztrúsené výtrusy, ktoré musia prezimovať.

dubak 1118

JESEŇ

Huby sú záhadné organizmy. Naďalej ukrývajú svoje tajomstvá, ktoré sa nám nepodarilo úplne preskúmať. Na Zemi patria k najstarším organizmom o čom svedčia ich fosílne zvyšky prvých rastlín. Často žijú v symbióze s inými rastlinami, ale na druhej strane dokážu ničiť a rozkladať. Zo začiatku ich vedci považovali za súčasť rastlinnej ríše. Huby sa však od rastlín odlišujú mnohými znakmi a na druhej strane majú veľa spoločných znakov so živočíšnou ríšou. Obsahujú látku LECITÍN, tvoria zásobnú látku GLYKOGÉN, stavba bunkovej steny obsahuje CHITÍN, látku, ktorá sa nachádza v telách hmyzu a kôrovcov. Tieto nové poznatky vyústili v novú kategorizáciu v systéme organizmov do samostatnej ríše húb (FUNGI), popri rastlinnej ríši ( PLANTA) a živočíšnej (ANIMALIA).
Huby boli odjakživa súčasťou nášho jedálnička. V starovekom Ríme sa jedlo z muchotrávky cisárskej - AMANITA CAESAREA, považovalo za veľkú delikatesu. Používali ich na kvasenie vína, piva a chleba. Okrem kulinárskeho prínosu vďačíme hubám za ich chemické látky, ktoré umožnili ľuďom vyrábať rôzne lieky. Určité druhy húb sa spájajú s liečivými účinkami, predovšetkým s obsahom látok, ktoré potláčajú tvorbu rakovinových nádorov.

Bielkoviny húb tvoria asi 0,3 – 3,5%, cukry 1 – 6%,a tuky 1% hmotnosti. Huby cítime vďaka množstvu aromatických zlúčenín a charakteristickú chuť vytvárajú silice. Množstvo aj obsah minerálnych látok sa v hubách mení v rozličných fázach ich života a kumulujú sa zvyčajne v starších plodniciach. Zároveň sú schopné preberať minerálne látky z okolia (olovo, hliník, rádioaktívne látky).

Vedeli ste, že huby obsahujú špeciálne farbivá, ktoré sa využívajú na farbenie látok, bavlny a vlny?

Okrem zberu je možné aj niektoré huby pestovať. U nás je najznámejšou pečiarka jedlá (Agaricus bisporus) – ŠAMPIŇÓN. Najmenej náročnou pestovanou hubou na substráte je HLIVA (Pleurotus sp.) V juhovýchodnej Ázii sa vo veľkom pestuje napríklad HÚŽEVNATEC JEDLÝ, ktorý poznáme pod japonským názvom - ŠII-TAKE (Lentinus edodes). Žiaľ najchutnejšie a najvzácnejšie huby ako sú dubáky, kuriatka, muchotrávky cisárske či hľúzovky, nikdy nevypestujeme, pretože sú závislé od symbiózy s koreňmi rastlín – mykorízou.

OTRAVA HRÍBMI
V našich lesoch sa nachádza asi 100 jedovatých a mierne jedovatých druhov húb. Prvé príznaky sa spravidla prejavia po 30 minútach až niekoľkých hodinách, dokonca aj dňoch.

JEDOVATÉ HUBY

MUCHOTRÁVKY: zelená (Amanita phalloides), jarná (Amanita verna), končistá (Amanita virosa), končistá (Amanita virosa)

BEDLIČKA: jedovatá (Lepiota helveola), hnedoružová (Lepiota bruneoincarnata), hnedo-šupinatá (Lepiota pseudoheveola),

KAPUCŇOVKA JESENNÁ (Galerina autumnalis)

PAVUČINOVEC PLYŠOVÝ (Cortinarius orellanus)

PRÍZNAKY: nevoľnosť, vracanie, črevná kolika, hnačka, tŕpnutie končatín a kŕče. PRVÁ POMOC – treba vždy vyhľadať lekára! Iba v prípade nedostupnosti lekárskej pomoci, niekoľko hodín po otrave, vyvoláme vracanie a podáme aktívne uhlie a snažíme sa zohnať odbornú pomoc.

JEDLÉ HRÍBY JESENE

Pečiarka lesná – dobrá jedlá huba s nevýraznou chuťou a vôňou

Bedľa vysoká – vynikajúca huba, s výraznou chuťou a vôňou, klobúčik sa najčastejšie pripravuje na spôsob viedenského alebo parížskeho rezňa

Bedľa červeňajúca - dobrá chuť s nevýraznou chuťou a aromatickou vôňou

Čírovka zelenkastá – lahodná huba s orieškovou chuťou, vhodná na akúkoľvek úpravu

Čírovka sivá – Výborná huba s príjemnou chuťou

Hríb príveskatý – veľmi chutná huba, podobná dubáku, bez výraznej chuti a vône

Hríb smrekový – vynikajúca, lahodná huba na rozličné použitie

Kozák brezový – výborná huba, vhodné zbierať len mladé plodnice

Sliziak mazľavý – veľmi dobrá huba s nenápadnou chuťou a vôňou

Lievik trubkovitý - chutná huba na rozličné úpravy

Kučierka veľká – vyhľadávaná huba, kuchárska delikatesa s korenisto anízovou vôňou a lieskovcovo-orieškovou, jemne pálivou chuťou

Rýdzik pravý – zaujímavá huba s pikantno korenistou chuťou, vhodná na všetky úpravy

Plávka modrastá – výborná huba, jedna z najchutnejších plávok

JEDLÉ ZIMNÉ HRÍBY

V každom výtruse je dedične zakódovaná nevyhnutnosť “prežiť“ zimné obdobie, aby sa na jar opäť prebudil. Poznáme však výnimky húb, ktoré aj v tomto tichom období pokračujú nenápadne v raste. Sú to chladnomilné huby, ktorých podhubie prerastá drevom stromov a je chránené pred mrazom. V dôsledku čoho dochádza k rozkladu drevnej hmoty. Medzi týmito  hubami sa na našom území nachádzajú aj veľmi chutné, jedlé huby, ktoré vám spestria jedálniček.

Šupinačka menlivá – rastie v trsoch na odumretých kmeňoch a pňoch listnatých stromov, vynikajúca jedlá huba, vhodná na rozličné úpravy. POZOR! Môžete si ju zameniť s mierne jedovatou strapcovkou zväzkovitou, ktorá nemá šupinatý hlúbik a je sírovožltá.

Plamienka zimná – rastie na listnatých stromoch brestov, osík a vŕb. Vhodná do polievok a v Japonsku patrí po stáročia k najobľúbenejším jedlým hubám.

Pôvabnica fialová – nachádza sa v listnatých aj ihličnatých lesoch, v záhradách a na iných dobre hnojených miestach. Výborná jedlá huba, vhodná na akúkoľvek úpravu. POZOR! Treba ju dobre tepelne upraviť, lebo obsahuje látky, ktoré rozkladajú červené krvinky, ale varom sa ničia. Obsahuje ajneznáme zlúčeniny, ktoré dokážu zastaviť rast rakovinových nádorov.

Hliva vŕbová – Nájdete ju od októbra do marca, s výnimkou období s tuhým mrazom. Rastie v bohatých trsoch na odumretých kmeňoch a pňoch vŕb a topoľov. Kuchárska úprava je podobná ako pri hlive ustricovitej.

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    This old-school free-weights-only shoulder workout begins off with heavy, powerful push-presses, then pumps up your lateral and rear delts with dumbbells.
    If implementing urgent modifications don’t assist to improve the shoulder concern, it’s time to stop being cussed and cease urgent.
    This doesn’t mean ignoring the shoulder girdle
    utterly – we are ready to can nonetheless work stability, pulling,
    and managed range of motion to offer helpful stimulus to the complex joint.
    An train that works all of these is the Front Plank Cable/Band
    Row. A landmine shoulder press works most of the shoulder muscular
    tissues, including the deltoids and traps. Aim for 4 – 12 sets per week in your traps
    as nicely as the front and rear delts. Your side delts require slightly extra reps, so you presumably can go as excessive as 24 sets.

    Muscular shoulders that pop are the cherry on high of a well-built higher physique.
    Shoulders that fill out your shirt and help energy in urgent workout routines make many lifters’ wish lists.
    A steady diet of compound strikes like barbell and dumbbell
    overhead presses is the foundation for boulder shoulders—but that’s
    solely a part of the equation. The other part requires movements that isolate the muscle tissue your targeting and the dumbbell entrance
    elevate exercise is the right movement for that.

    As we have established, you're probably getting plenty of shoulder
    work via conventional strength training routines.
    Certain elements of your shoulders, particularly your rear delts, are typically underdeveloped through more basic coaching, so some focused
    work could be especially helpful. You’re kicking issues off with the overhead press,
    top-of-the-line exercises for building spectacular deltoid muscles, emphasizing the front delts.

    The biceps and triceps are antagonists, muscle pairs with opposing actions round a joint.
    Emphasizing the time period "concentration," remember to prioritize
    form and technique over ego. Choose for a lighter weight that allows a full
    vary of motion, relying solely on the strength of your
    biceps. You’ll perform a slightly greater rep range to
    finish your biceps session with a fantastic pump. An extra advantage
    of hammer curls is their impression on the forearm muscular tissues in comparison with many different traditional bicep exercises.

    Customers find the cargo straps useful for shifting large
    furniture and heavy gadgets. Opinions vary on ease of use,
    value for cash, strap size, and luxury. From the skin, the shoulder appears like a simple joint
    —but it’s really some of the difficult joints within the body.
    Keep your shoulders, ribs and hips stacked over your knees without arching your
    again. Maintain the kettlebell with straight arms, maintaining your shoulders
    open.
    The dumbbell shrug is a good exercise for building shoulder energy, bettering posture, and relieving
    neck and shoulder ache. The side lateral elevate with dumbbells works the aspect
    of the shoulders, also called the lateral head. It’s an isolation train that primarily targets the 
    lateral head of the shoulder. The benefit of utilizing dumbbells for shoulder exercises
    is that they'll work on all sides of the shoulders separately, which helps to repair muscle imbalances.

    Working all three heads of the shoulders—instead of honing
    in on only one or two—is necessary, because
    it helps create balance within the muscle group, Dr.
    Scantlebury explains. And that may cut back your risk of damage, since all elements will be doing their job, as
    an alternative of 1 taking over extra load than it’s alleged
    to, which might finally overstress it. Reverse flys are a weight coaching motion that works the rhomboids, traps, shoulders, and core.
    Performing this exercise helps stabilize the shoulders and enhance your posture.
    You can use a pair of dumbbells or kettlebells to do this exercise.
    The shoulder joint is a shallow ball-and-socket joint with oodles of mobility, but the stability half is your accountability.

    That’s why developing all three muscle tissue of the deltoids is so
    essential.
    The shoulder Press remains the granddaddy of all shoulder exercises to
    build big, spherical shoulder muscles. One of
    the most effective workout routines for shoulder activation is the Overhead Band Press performed with an elastic stretch band.
    A few warm up units of this train will greatly assist to
    prepare your shoulder mobility on your workout.
    Heavy compound lifts aren’t ideal when it comes to building muscular shoulders.
    That’s as a result of the deltoid muscular tissues obtain a lot assistance from
    different muscle groups within the higher physique when doing
    big lifts.
    If you’re a bodybuilder, the 3D look of a pair of huge shoulders makes for a stand-out upper physique.
    In this article, you’ll be taught the benefits of coaching again and shoulders
    in the same exercise and an outline of the workout routine.

    You additionally find a thorough breakdown of the best workouts for your again and shoulders and directions on tips on how to carry out them.
    Physical remedy makes use of protected, mild workouts to strengthen the muscle tissue within the shoulder and restore the vary of motion on this area of the physique.
    That means for each set of exercises that targets your rotator cuff—say,
    a dumbbell external rotation—you should do one which targets your delts, like a entrance dumbbell elevate.

    Bicep curls, triceps pulldowns, and rotator cuff workout routines
    could also be carried out with warning following shoulder surgery.
    These exercises focus on flexibility and muscle strengthening, rather than heavy lifting,
    to minimize the danger of re-injury and strain on the joint.
    After undergoing this process, sufferers are enrolled in a
    graduated 4-phase rehabilitation program to maximize vary of motion and power, together with the muscle tissue around the shoulder blades.
    It takes time and dedication to regain energy and mobility within the shoulder joint.

    If you’re into heavy lifting, warm-up workouts assist hold blood
    flowing into goal muscle areas, which is beneficial before workouts
    (3). Scapular wall slides additionally assist heat the shoulders and different upper body muscles
    for heavier lifts, enhancing exercise efficiency.


    Ongoing bodily therapy and adherence to skilled recommendation can help
    keep shoulder well being and guarantee long-term success in powerlifting.
    Aggressive weightlifting can lead to eccentric posterior glenoid wear and posterior humeral head subluxation, that are widespread challenges post-surgery.
    Addressing posterior glenoid put on is particularly important for sufferers who had been beforehand energetic weightlifters.

    Curiously, more than 70% of patients can expect to return to sports after complete shoulder arthroplasty.

    Really Feel free to rearrange the train order when you don’t enjoy a selected
    superset combination or discover it too exhausting.

    Your back muscle tissue are a few of the largest and strongest muscle tissue in your physique
    and require lots of exhausting work and sweat to develop.

    Nevertheless, the effort is price it, as a muscular again immediately stands out and
    calls for attention. Shoulder impingement typically happens due to a person overusing the
    shoulder.
    Some of one of the best barbell shoulder exercise
    routines embrace the overhead press. The barbell overhead press is a fundamental exercise that targets the
    anterior and medial deltoids, selling shoulder flexion and abduction. This compound motion is
    used finest for effectively building energy for performance.

    If carried out accurately, including the dumbbell front raise to your shoulder workouts will
    assist enhance shoulder muscle symmetry and strength. If building your pushing power is a objective, entrance raises are an excellent shoulder train to help.

    For supported incline dumbbell rows to be efficient, goal for four
    – 12 units per week. In terms of weight masses per rep vary, 25% of your workout should include mild and
    heavy masses respectively. However, it also takes a lot out of you and
    is not needed if you’re coaching for muscle hypertrophy.
    It is excluded from the workout to improve your general recovery and
    let you go all-out on more hypertrophy-specific back workout routines.
    For finest outcomes, leave your ego exterior the health club and
    choose a pair of dumbbells that let you carry out the train with proper type and
    get a great mind-muscle connection.
    The unique seated position of the Z Press eliminates leg drive
    and decrease physique involvement. This exercise entails
    mendacity face down on an incline bench to support the chest.
    As a lighter weight is used, more reps can be utilized
    — anything from 10 to 20 reps. You also
    can make adjustments to the reps, sets, and quantity in accordance with your wants.
    Use enough weight you could solely complete the
    desired number of reps. It’s additionally higher fitted to people who could experience decrease back points and don’t need to risk undue stress on this area.

    They also can assist strengthen your total again to forestall future accidents.

    Lastly, it is important to permit adequate relaxation and restoration time between exercises.
    Each 12 months, hundreds of thousands of individuals of all ages
    go to the doctor for shoulder issues, together with irritation, sprains and strains, arthritis, impingement, and fractures.
    Try resting in your forearms if you have wrist pain (seen above within the video) or starting with a modified plank at a 45-degree angle using
    a steady surface. As A End Result Of of the variety of muscles
    that attach to the scapula (17 to be exact), you should make sure your
    train routine targets all of them. Technically, the shoulder is
    comprised of three bones; the scapula (shoulder blade),
    clavical (collar bone) and humerus (arm bone). These bones transfer collectively because of a
    sequence of muscle tissue, capsules and ligaments that
    join and stabilize all the shifting parts. If you struggle with your shoulders — or when you simply need to know some more about them — it pays to see how
    everything's connected.
    Whether you prepare at home or lift within the gym,
    you'll have the ability to program these workout routines into your exercise routine to build energy, energy, mobility, and muscle mass.

    Shoulder programming should positively not be done every single day if you would like to build big boulder shoulders.
    You ought to have a shoulder day simply 1-2 occasions per week in order to keep away from potential shoulder injury.

    This is as a outcome of in order to build massive beefy
    shoulders, your muscles want ample time to restore themselves and
    grow. For this, top-of-the-line compound shoulder exercises is the Barbell Overhead Press, as a result of we’re capable
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    It is essential to track ache levels and report any discomfort throughout weightlifting actions.
    Gradually ramping up the intensity whereas preserving a close eye on progress helps prevent overloading the shoulder joint
    post-surgery. Gradually reintroducing powerlifting
    after shoulder alternative ensures safety and prevents re-injury.

    Begin with mild weights and resistance bands to build energy and
    confidence. The depth of workouts ought to be elevated by not extra than 10-15% each days to keep away
    from overloading the shoulder. Making Ready to return to powerlifting after shoulder substitute
    surgical procedure requires cautious planning and consultation with
    healthcare professionals. Partaking in a
    graduated 12-week bodily remedy program is crucial to
    facilitate restoration and enhance shoulder mobility.

    You don’t have to be a world-class athlete—think main league pitcher—to develop some serious points together with
    your rotator cuff. Depending on where you're with your training,
    you can comply with this exercise for up to 3 months before needing to vary it up.
    For lifters who are intermediate-advanced or superior, following a program for 4-6 weeks is normally a good
    timeframe. So, should you're currently only utilizing light weights, throw some heavier weights in as well to optimize muscle growth.

    Want to construct large shoulders and pack on pounds of lean muscle in ninety
    days? Examine out our SFS Hypertrophy Program developed by Garett Reid (NSCA, CSCS,
    CISSN, M.S.E.S.S).
    If you could have some coaching expertise however nonetheless think about your
    self one thing of a newbie, you possibly can nonetheless profit from this shoulder and arm exercise.
    The triceps brachii, generally often known as the triceps,
    is located on the back of the upper arm, opposite the biceps.

    It makes up roughly two-thirds of the upper arm muscle quantity and surpasses the latissimus dorsi
    and pectoralis main in dimension.
    The Barbell High Pull is an explosive and multijoint exercise focusing on the higher body,
    including the arms, upper again, and traps. It
    includes lifting a barbell in entrance of the physique while maintaining the arms straight, making it an efficient way to isolate and strengthen the shoulders.

    As a beginner, you may not be familiar with the various shoulder workout routines available.
    It can be exhausting to strive new exercises or perceive the completely different routines should you don’t
    know the names of the exercises. You can prepare any muscle with your shoulders, including the chest, again, arms,
    legs, and core. For example, you are able to do shoulder and back collectively or shoulder
    and arms on the identical day, depending on what suits you essentially the most.
    You’ve obtained all the most effective dumbbell workouts for coaching shoulder muscular
    tissues; now, let’s see tips on how to program them to attain glorious results.

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    Hydroquinone is used by individuals affected
    by various pigmentation conditions, including melasma,
    post-inflammatory hypopigmentation, and Becker's nevus. It’s also
    a common ingredient in OTC creams designed for localized hyperpigmentation.




    Skin conditions treated with hydroquinone


    Hydroquinone is commonly used to treat:





    Melasma


    Nevus of Ota


    Becker's nevus


    Other hypopigmentation disorders





    What are the contraindications with hydroquinone?



    Contraindications include individuals with certain genetic
    conditions such as vitiligo, who may experience recurrence upon discontinuation. It’s
    not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women due
    to potential systemic absorption.




    Mechanism of action of hydroquinone


    Hydroquinone inhibits tyrosinase activity, preventing melanin synthesis and thereby
    lightening discolored skin tones.





    How to use hydroquinone


    Apply the cream as directed, typically twice daily, following dosage guidelines.
    Ensure proper skincare techniques and avoid exposure to sunlight to prevent irritation and ineffective results.





    What are the benefits of hydroquinone?


    Benefits include achieving an even skin tone, reducing hyperpigmentation,
    and enhancing overall skin appearance.





    Response of melasma after three months of hydroquinone


    Significant improvement in melasma is often visible within three months.

    Lesions may lighten and stabilize, though complete removal might take longer depending on the severity.






    What are the disadvantages of hydroquinone?



    Disadvantages include ineffectiveness for certain conditions, slow results, potential irritation, and the need for continuous use to maintain benefits.






    What are the side effects and risks of hydroquinone?



    Risks include irritant contact dermatitis, rare conditions like exfoliative
    keratopothy, and a return of hyperpigmentation upon discontinuation. Nail pigmentation is also a possible side effect.





    Nail pigmentation due to hydroquinone use


    Long-term use can cause nails to darken; this is why OTC products often limit its use to
    specific conditions to reduce such adverse effects.






    Bibliography


    1. DermNet(https://www.dermnet.com) - Detailed information on hydroquinone and
    its uses.


    2. Skinsolutions(https://skinsolutions.com.au) - Resources on skin lightening treatments.




    Other websites


    1. DermNet(https://www.dermnet.com)


    2. Skinsolutions(https://skinsolutions.com.au)


    3. The British Journal of Dermatology(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/BJD)





    Books about skin diseases


    1. *Dermatology in Clinical Practice* by Dr. Fisher


    2. *Pigment Disorders* by Grinsell and Harper





    Other recommended articles


    1. "Melasma: A Comprehensive Guide to Treatment" by Skin Solutions


    2. "Understanding Hyperpigmentation: Causes and Treatments" by DermNet





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