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Vianocujeme tradične svetovo

Napísal Kristína Chudá 08. december 2023

Znakom Vianoc neboli odjakživa kapor s majonézovým šalátom a darčeky. V minulosti sme na Slovensku mali úplne iné zvyky a tradície. Kedy sa u nás udomácnil vianočný stromček, čo jedli naši predkovia na Štedrý deň a aké rituály sprevádzali vianočné obdobie?

freepik_xmas_081223

Rituály v minulosti

Stromček nahrádzal betlehem

Od stredoveku bol symbolom Vianoc betlehem vyrobený z rôznych materiálov – vosk, papier či drevo. Každá domácnosť mala svoj vlastný betlehem.

„Trend“ vianočných stromčekov k nám prišiel po prvýkrát v 18. storočí, avšak iba v meštianskych častiach. Až začiatkom 20. storočia sa začali zdobiť aj na vidieku. Neboli to veľké stromčeky, boli maličké a viseli z povaly. Zdobili sa slamou, orechmi či ovocím.

Domy sa zdobili halúzkami, na stole nechýbal chlieb a med.

Na znak, že idú vianočné sviatky, si však ľudia zdobili domácnosti ihličnatými vetvičkami. Tieto vetvičky majú kresťanský význam. Boli ako ochrana pred démonmi.

Štedrá večera ako ju (ne)poznáte

Počet jedál sa na Slovensku líšil od regiónu k regiónu. Na východnom Slovensku bývalo zvykom až 12 jedál. Teda podľa toho, koľko je mesiacov v roku. V ostatných regiónoch to bolo 4-5 jedál.

Išlo napríklad o bobaľky či opekance, záhorácky kyslý zemiakový šalát, hriatô (prípitok z domácej pálenky s oškvarkami, pozn. red.), oblátky s medom a cesnakom – iba v katolíckych oblastiach, evanjelici jedli chleba s medom a cesnakom.

Medzi hlavné chody patrila aj polievka – hubová, kapustnica, rybacia, šošovicová. Zvykom gazdín bolo robievať aj ovsenú či inú obilnú kašu posypanú vanilkou, cukrom a poliatu maslom.

Celá večera sa zavŕšila kysnutým koláčom s makom, kakaom či lekvárom. Na stole bolo vždy aj sušené či čerstvé ovocie.

Ryby, vydry, ondatry

Vianočná večera bola odjakživa symbolom hojnosti a vďaky za celý rok. A to platí až dodnes. Zostava jedál sa odlišovala nielen podľa regiónov, ale aj podľa vierovyznania.

Avšak všetky cirkvi držali jednotne na Vianoce pôst, až na protestantov, ktorý deň pred Vianocami robievali zabíjačky. Do 12. storočia sa jedávalo mäso, neskôr cirkevní hodnostári rozhodli, že ryba a iné živočíchy žijúce vo vode majú výnimku.

Vyprážaný kapor a majonézový šalát na Slovensko začali objavovať až po vzniku 1. Československej republiky vďaka českej inteligencii, ktorá si sem priniesla vlastné tradície a jedlá.

Zvyky a tradície

Zvykov počas vianočnej večere bolo niekoľko. Otec ako hlava rodiny zvykol prekrojiť každému jablko, a keď v ňom bol jadrovník zdravý, značilo to pozitívnu veštbu na ďalší rok. Rovnako sa to robilo aj s orechmi.

Od stola smela vstávať len gazdiná, ktorá obsluhovala všetkých prítomných. Hovorilo sa, že kto by vstal skôr, ako sa štedrá večera skončí, mohol by do roka zomrieť.

Slobodné dievčatá zvykli po večeri liať do vody olovo a podľa jeho tvaru si predpovedali budúcnosť. Na stole bol vždy položený chlieb či čerstvo nadojené mlieko. Pod nohy večerajúcich sa zvykla nasypať slama, ktorá symbolizovala narodenie Ježiša. Sekera pod stolom mala symbolizovať železné zdravie rodiny, nechýbala ani reťaz, na ktorú si všetci členovia rodiny vyložili nohy. Symbolizovalo to, že nech sa jeden z členov vyberie kamkoľvek, vždy sa môže k svojej rodine vrátiť. Rodina bude vždy držať pri sebe.

Darčeky si kedysi kupovala len šľachta. Ľudia na vidieku zvykli svojim deťom vyrábať podarúnky vlastnoručne, napríklad drevené či handrové hračky, medovník. Navyše obdarúvanie nebolo vrcholom Štedrého dňa, ako je to dnes v mnohých rodinách.

Kúpanie v potoku a trasenie plotov

Naši predkovia sa venovali aj otužovaniu. V niektorých regiónoch sa na Štedrý deň, v iných na sviatok Troch kráľov, chodievali dievčatá a mladé ženy kúpať do potoka. Alebo muži priniesli v nádobách studenú vodu a všetci si ňou umyli tvár. Symbolizovalo to zdravie do nového roka.

Netradičným zvykom v niektorých regiónoch bolo na Štedrý deň aj trasenie s plotmi. Dievčatá po večeri išli zatriasť plotom a počúvali, z ktorej strany zabreše pes. Verili, že z tej strany príde aj ich ženích. Bola to pre ne určitá veštba, kedy sa vydajú.

Zdroj: Freepik

2 komentárov

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