Pri letnom slnovrate dokážu solárne panely pokryť až pätinu energetických potrieb sveta

Napísal Tomáš Chramosta 13. august 2024

Svetová kapacita fotovoltických elektrární stačí na to, aby pri najdlhšom dni v roku pokryla až dvadsať percent energetických potrieb planéty Zeme. Vyplýva to zo štúdie britskej organizácie Ember, ktorá sa venuje výskumu v oblasti energetiky.

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Solárna energia je podľa nej v súčasnosti najrýchlejšie rastúcim zdrojom elektriny, najmä vďaka klesajúcim nákladom na technológie. Okrem pozitívnych dopadov v boji proti klimatickým zmenám a úspore energií začínajú fotovoltické panely zvyšovať aj komfort v bývaní, a to v kombinácii s prvkami inteligentnej domácnosti.

Podľa niektorých výskumníkov sa solárne panely do roku 2050 stanú najväčším zdrojom elektriny. Štúdia britskej organizácie Ember tvrdí, že dokážu pokryť až dvadsať percent svetovej energetickej spotreby počas najdlhšieho dňa v roku, ktorý každoročne pripadá na 21. júna. Fotovoltické elektrárne mali v lanskom roku rekordný podiel 5,5 percenta na globálnej produkcii elektriny. Vo svetovom meradle boli do prevádzky denne uvedené viac než dva milióny solárnych panelov.

Trh zrýchlil, ďalšie oživenie by mohli priniesť firemné inštalácie

Rozvoj solárnej energetiky na Slovensku v roku 2023 výrazne zrýchlil. Celkový stav kapacít zaznamenal podľa Slovenskej asociácie fotovoltického priemyslu a OZE až 400% nárast v porovnaní s predošlým rokom. Najväčší podiel na tom podľa odborníkov mali domácnosti, ich inštalácie predstavovali približne 92 percent z celkového počtu inštalovaných panelov. Ako potenciálny variant, kam sa odbor môže v budúcich rokoch vydať, sa ponúkajú aj firemné inštalácie, kde Slovensko v porovnaní so svojimi európskymi partnermi výrazne zaostáva. „Fotovoltické elektrárne zatiaľ stále využívajú predovšetkým domácnosti, v posledných dňoch však vnímame nárast dopytu po realizáciách vo firemnom sektore. Podniky už dnes nemusia riešiť orientáciu svojich budov na svetové strany. Dávno neplatí, že by sa solárne panely inštalovali iba na strechy s orientáciou na juh, zmysel má čokoľvek okrem severnej orientácie,“ opisuje Patrik Prokeš zo spoločnosti Enbra, ktorá sa venuje službám v oblasti technického zariadenia budov.

Najbežnejším miestom, kam ľudia v prípade firiem aj rodinných domov umiestňujú solárne panely, sú strechy. U nich je vzhľadom na výkon budúcej fotovoltiky všeobecne najdôležitejšie zohľadniť okrem orientácie aj sklon a jej zatienenie inými objektmi. Rozhodujúce je myslieť aj na vplyv okolitej zástavby a vegetácie. To, či je konkrétna strecha vhodná na umiestnenie solárnych panelov, určí analýza odborníka. „Analýza oslnenia sa vytvára pomocou leteckých snímok a softvérových výpočtov. Zohľadňuje, samozrejme, všetky kľúčové premenné vrátane vplyvu okolitej zástavby a vegetácie. Je možné ju zároveň vytvoriť pre všetkých 365 dní v roku v polhodinových intervaloch,“ opisuje Drahomíra Zedníčková zo spoločnosti TopGis, ktorá sa analýzam oslnenia venuje.

Solárna energetika sa postupne prepisuje aj do oblasti komfortu v bývaní, najmä v súvislosti s prvkami inteligentnej domácnosti. Panely sa totiž dajú využiť aj na motorizáciu predokenných žalúzií alebo screenových roliet, ktoré v spojení s mobilnou aplikáciou vyhodnocujú hneď niekoľko parametrov. „Na úplnú diagnostiku situácie berie systém do úvahy presnú zemepisnú polohu inštalácie vrátane orientácie na svetové strany, meteorologické údaje alebo prekážky, ktoré môžu panel zatieniť, ako napríklad strom či priľahlú budovu. Podľa nich potom automaticky vyhodnocuje ideálne nastavenie vonkajšieho tienenia,“ opisuje Petr Přichystal, marketingový manažér spoločnosti Lomax, ktorá sa venuje výrobe tieniacej techniky.

Vyšší komfort v bývaní aj úspora financií

Solárny senzor v kombinácii s tieniacou technikou funguje dvadsaťštyri hodín denne bez ohľadu na počasie, navyše je možné ho osadiť ďalšími senzormi, ktoré zaistia plynulý chod inteligentnej domácnosti z mobilu či tabletu. Medzi hlavné výhody patrí pripojenie bez nutnosti elektrickej siete, používatelia sa vyhnú poškodeniu stien počas montáže. „Solárny panel počas dňa prijíma denné svetlo bez ohľadu na to, či je práve slnečno alebo zamračené, a premieňa ho na elektrickú energiu. Túto energiu ukladá do batérie, ktorá ju dokáže využiť jeden až dva mesiace za predpokladu, že sa rolety vytiahnu maximálne trikrát denne,“ tvrdí Přichystal.

Smart prvky v domácnosti sa v posledných rokoch odklonili od zábavy a komfortu ako svojho primárneho cieľa a presunuli sa viac smerom k finančným úsporám. Kombinácia solárnych panelov s automatizovanými systémami môže priniesť stovky do firemného aj rodinného rozpočtu. „V súčasnej chvíli je dopyt po smart prvkoch v kombinácii s tieniacou technikou najmä preto, že dokážu citeľne ušetriť za výdavky na tepelnú reguláciu objektu. Napríklad pasívne chladenie domu v podobe vonkajšieho tienenia dokáže v lete za ideálnych podmienok znížiť teplotu v interiéri až o desať stupňov,“ uzatvára Přichystal.

Zdroj foto: Shutterstock

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