Islamská revolúcia

V súčasnosti prežívame veľmi hektické obdobie a väčšina obyvateľov Európy sa obáva islamizácie, ktorá je spojená s európskou migračnou krízou, do ktorej sa dostala v priebehu roka 2015.

ruhollal chomejni1000x655

Mnohé náboženstvá sa počas svojej existencie snažili rozšíriť územia a ovplyvniť čo najväčší počet ľudí. Dôležitá je ale forma a spôsob obrátenia. Misijný spôsob ovplyvňovania je mierumilovná forma, ako protipól k násilnému presadzovaniu svojho náboženstva, nastolením vlády rôznych náboženských režimov. Pri zavedení vlády vychádzajúcej z islamu platí právo šaría, ktoré je považované ako jeden z prvkov islamizácie.

V histórii sa islamizácia spomína po prvýkrát v 6. storočí n.l. v Arábii počas Mohamedových výbojov, neskôr na Blízkom východe a v Perzii. V tomto období proces prebiehal nenásilnou formou, väčšina neveriacich ale konvertovala, pretože pociťovali určitú formu diskriminácie.

Arabskú islamizáciu následne vystriedala Osmanská islamizácia. Osmani si podmanili Balkán a zasahovali až na naše územie, kde presadzovali aj svoje náboženstvo. Ďalší smer islamizácie viedol do severnej Afriky, kde sa drží do dnes.

V modernej dobe sa považuje za otca islamskej revolúcie Rúholláh Chomejní (24.10.1902), ktorý nesúhlasil s politickým smerovaním nového šáha Muhammada Rézu Pahlávího, ktorý presadzoval tzv. Bielu revolúciu. Mladý šáh sa považoval za moderného a pravoverného moslima. Opätovne nechal otvoriť náboženské inštitúcie, anuloval zakázané diela učencov, ale na druhej strane presadzoval pozemkovú reformu, privatizáciu štátnych podnikov a volebné právo pre ženy. Investoval do megalomanských projektov a zbrojného priemyslu, namiesto modernizácie zaostalého vidieka. Dôsledkom zlých rozhodnutí, narastala nespokojnosť obyvateľstva z chudoby, napriek tomu, že štátna pokladnica sa plnila. Uvoľnil tak priestor radikálnym myšlienkam, reprezentované Chomejním, ktorý sa stal v roku 1961 ájatolláhom. Situácia sa ešte viac vyhrotila po krvavých demonštráciách v druhom najvýznamnejšom pútnom meste ší’tov v Komme. Následne bol Chomejní nakrátko uväznený a v novembri 1964 ho donútili emigrovať. Exil ájatolláha v Turecku (1964-65) a v Iraku ((1965-78) len posilnil jeho vplyv v Iráne. Šáhov režim bol v tomto období už natoľko skorumpovaný a vplyv Chomejního tak silný, že ani vojenská prevaha Teheránu nezabránila k prepuknutiu revolúcie 1. februára 1979. Prevratu predchádzal nútený presun Chomejního z Iraku v októbri 1978 do Paríža. Medzitým, v decembri Irán zažil ďalšie ozbrojené stretnutia demonštrantov s armádou a pravidelné stávky. Vplyvom týchto udalostí väčšina Európanov a Američanov sa sťahovala naspäť do vlasti a s nimi aj sto tisíc Iránčanov. Šáh Réza Pahláví odletel začiatkom roku 1979 na dovolenku, ale z exilu sa už nevrátil. Umiera na rakovinu 27. júla v Egypte.

Chomejní priletel do Teheránu 1. februára, kde naňho čakali tri milióny ľudí. Usadil sa v Komme, zariadil pád vlády, ktorú šáh menoval krátko pred opustením Iránu, dohliadal nad represáliami voči odporcom, schvaľoval popravy a kontroloval islamské revolučné výbory. Za pár mesiacov sa mu podarilo nastoliť teokratický štát a stal sa vodcom revolúcie a duchovným vládcom, čo mu potvrdila ústava z 2. decembra 1979.

Zrušil zbytky slobody vyznania a tlače, rovnosť pohlavia, zahraničná politika bola protiamerická a armádu doplnil o revolučné gardy v boji proti vnútornému nepriateľovi. Kreovanie nového fundamentalistického štátu trvalo do roku 1981. Existovali volené orgány, parlament a vládny kabinet, ale nad všetkým dohliadala Rada dozorcov. Povoľovala, vetovala zákony a kandidátov do volieb, nad ňou stál už len Chomejní. S pevnou rukou sa mu podarilo vládnuť až do roku 1989. Zvládol vojenský konflikt so Saddámom Husajnom (1980, 1982, 1988) aj hladomor v Iráne. Prenasledovanie sa dotklo aj básnika Salmana Rushdieho, Chomejní v roku 1989 vyhlásil fatwu, ktorá požadovala jeho smrť za znesvätenie proroka Mohameda v diele Satanské verše.

Po ťažkej operácii v máji umiera 3. júna 1989 na následky krvácania do mozgu. Jeho pohreb sa považuje za najväčší smútočný pochod v novodobých dejinách, pretože sa ho zúčastnilo až šesť miliónov ľudí. Jeho odkaz však prežíva do dnešných dni.

Šaría je systém islamskeho náboženského práva, vychádzajúci z náboženských zásad islamu, z Koránu a Hadís.
Sunna je najvýznamnejší smer islamu.
Ší‘a je druhý najvýznamnejší smer v islame.
Ájatollah znamená v arabskom jazyku „ Božie znamenie“. Je to najvyššia hodnosť medzi ší’tskymi znalcami právnej vedy.
Fatwa - nábožensko-právne odporúčania.
Korán – súbor zjavení podľa islamskej tradície.
Mudžaddid – obnoviteľ muslimskej viery.

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