Mýty a fakty o schizofrénii

Napísal Zuzana Blažejová 12. máj 2015

Pri slove schizofrénia sa veľa ľudom vybavia najmä kauzy z médií, ktoré vo väčšine prípadov vykresľujú pacientov trpiacich týmto ochorením ako nebezpečných agresorov alebo bláznov.


Takto napísané príbehy ale spôsobujú mylné predsudky a mýty o schizofrénii, a len málokedy vysvetľujú skutočný priebeh a príznaky ochorenia. Výsledkom je, že miesto pochopenia a prijatia sú pacienti spoločnosťou vyčleňovaní, a preto sa hanbia svoje ochorenie verejne priznať. Predsudky voči schizofrénii je dôležité búrať, preto vám prinášame prehľad najčastejších mýtov a faktov spojených s týmto ochorením.


Mýtus: Schizofrenici sú nebezpeční násilníci

Fakt: Z dlhodobých štúdií vyplýva, že v skupinách pacientov so schizofréniou nedochádza v zvýšenej miere k páchaniu trestnej činnosti. Pacienti sú skôr ako pre svoje okolie, nebezpeční sami sebe, čo potvrdzuje aj MUDr. Marek Zelman, riaditeľ Psychiatrickej nemocnice Hronovce: „Podľa dlhodobého sledovania výskytu agresivity u hospitalizovaných pacientov s najzávažnejšími duševnými poruchami sa agresívne správanie vyskytlo len približne u 3 % z nich, a len u 0,2 % pri tom došlo k zraneniu druhých osôb. Ak to porovnáme s každodenným výskytom agresie napríklad pri futbalových zápasoch alebo v pohostinských zariadeniach je podstatne pravdepodobnejšie, že k ohrozeniu dôjde v takýchto situáciách, a nie v kontakte s človekom s duševnou poruchou."


Mýtus: Schizofrenici nemôžu žiť normálny život

Fakt: Schizofrénia je síce vážna duševná choroba, ale liečiť sa dá. Ak pacient od začiatku spolupracuje s lekárom a správne užíva predpísané moderné antipsychotiká, má veľkú šancu dostať chorobu pod kontrolu a žiť prakticky bežným spôsobom života. "Schizofrénia síce nie je vyliečiteľná, ale dnes je vďaka účinným liekom s miernejšími nežiaducimi účinkami reálnou snahou liečby dosiahnuť u chorého nielen potlačenie prejavov choroby, ale aj obnovu fungovania v bežnom živote. Základným predpokladom je dlhodobá a neprerušovaná liečba antipsychotikami, preto je spolupráca pacienta pri ich užívaní kľúčovým faktorom ovplyvňujúcim jej výsledok," potvrdzuje primár psychiatrického oddelenia vo Všeobecnej nemocnici v Rimavskej Sobote, MUDr. Peter Korcsog. Pacienti môžu dochádzať tiež na psychoterapiu a psychosociálnu intervenciu, ktorá má za cieľ pomôcť ľuďom so schizofréniou prekonať psychologické a sociálne prekážky brániace im v získaní práce a návrate do spoločenského života.


Mýtus: Schizofrénia sa objaví zo dňa na deň

Fakt: Schizofrénia sa nikdy neobjaví bez varovania, z ničoho nič. Príznaky choroby sa prejavujú aj niekoľko mesiacov pred ich prepuknutím. Medzi varovné signály patrí podráždenosť, vzťahovačnosť, nesústredenosť či náladovosť. Najčastejšie sa schizofrénia prejavuje vo veku od 15 do 19 rokov, a preto je často krát pre rodinu a najbližších ťažké rozoznať príznaky choroby od bežných pubertálnych prejavov.


Mýtus: Všetci pacienti so schizofréniou majú rovnaké príznaky

Fakt: Medzi časté príznaky schizofrénie patria bludy a halucinácie, neobjavujú sa ale u všetkých pacientov. Niektorí môžu mať pocit, že ich neustále niekto prenasleduje a chce im ublížiť, majú sluchové halucinácie v podobe hlasov, ktoré komentujú ich chovanie alebo myslenie, prípadne im nariaďujú, čo majú robiť. Iní môžu pôsobiť zmätene, bez schopnosti sa zrozumiteľne vyjadriť. Inokedy sa choroba prejavuje bizarným chovaním, napríklad používaním nevhodných mimovoľných mimických gest a grimás. Príznaky schizofrénie môžu ma tiež podobu straty motivácie, apatickosti k okolitému svetu, veľmi častá je plachosť, ale prejavy sú vždy individuálne.


Mýtus: Schizofrenici majú rozdvojenú osobnosť

Fakt: Pacientov so schizofréniou si rozhodne nemôžete predstavovať ako Dr. Jekylla a pána Hyda. Áno, niektorí schizofrenici majú halucinácie a počujú hlasy, ale rozhodne to neznamená, že by mali dve osobnosti. Halucinácie a bludy sa navyše darí úspešne odstraňovať pomocou moderných antipsychotík.


Mýtus: Schizofréniu vyvoláva fajčenie marihuany

Fakt: Ak zdravý človek bez sklonov k schizofrénii užíva marihuanu, chorobu to u neho nevyvolá. Ak však ide o jedinca, ktorý má predispozície k tomu, aby sa u neho choroba vyvinula, užívanie marihuany u neho môže urýchliť, resp. naštartovať rozvoj psychózy. Marihuana teda sama od seba chorobu nevyvolá, ale u ľudí, ktorí k nej majú predpoklady, ju môže spustiť. Medzi ďalšie spúšťače schizofrénie môžu byť napríklad zlé vzťahy v rodine, komplikácie u nastávajúcej mamičky v priebehu tehotenstva, stres, zlé sociálne podmienky či nadmerné užívanie alkoholu.

O schizofrénii
Schizofrénia je psychotické ochorenie, ktoré sa prejavuje poruchami myslenia (bludy), vnímania (halucinácie), chovania a zmenami osobnosti. U postihnutých touto chorobou dochádza ku strate kontaktu s realitou. Pacienti si vytvárajú vlastný svet, predstavy a súvislosti, ktoré nie sú reálne. Často si  neuvedomujú, že sú chorí a nevedia, že im môže pomôcť včasné odhalenie ochorenia a moderná liečba. V súčasnosti sa okrem liečby pomocou tabletiek často využívajú aj dlho pôsobiace injekcie. Pri kontinuálnej liečbe môže väčšina pacientov žiť plnohodnotný život.  Ochorenie sa vyskytuje u 0,8% - 1,5% populácie u mužov aj žien.

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