Nie je všetko zlato, čo sa blyští!

Napísal Martina Goffová 24. september 2024

Ani zlatá žila! Pozrite sa pravde do očí! Dlhodobé sedenie či státie, stres, dlhé hodiny strávené za volantom, zlá životospráva alebo tehotenstvo. Na Slovensku trpí niektorými z príznakov hemoroidálneho ochorenia viac ako 50 % dospelých.

hemoroidy_man21

Hemoroidálne ochorenie (ľudovo nazývané hemoroidy alebo zlatá žila), respektíve príznaky s ním súvisiace, sú na Slovensku veľmi rozšírené. Výsledky nedávneho prieskumu ukazujú, že za posledných dvanásť mesiacov týmto ochorením trpela dokonca až jedna tretina slovenskej populácie. Hemoroidálne ochorenie si nevyberá – postihuje dospelých ľudí bez ohľadu na ich vek či pohlavie. Včasná a komplexná liečba je pritom dôležitá už od prvých príznakov.

Hemoroidy (cievne pletence) sú prirodzenou súčasťou ľudského tela. Nachádzajú sa v análnej oblasti a okrem iného napomáhajú aj k udržaniu kontinencie, inak povedané k udržaniu stolice, a to tak, že majú doplňujúcu tesniacu funkciu k análnemu zvieraču. „Problém nastáva, keď hemoroidálne (cievne) pletence opuchnú a zapália sa. K vzniku hemoroidov môže prispievať nezdravý životný štýl – viac ako polovica ľudí s hemoroidmi alebo príznakmi má podľa dát sedavé zamestnanie či nadváhu a pravidelne športuje iba každý tretí pacient,“ hovorí krajská odborníčka MZ SR pre gastroenterológiu MUDr. Božena Pekárková. Mladšie ženy pripisujú vznik ochorenia vo vyššej miere tehotenstvu a ľudia nad 55 rokov zas vysokému krvnému tlaku. „Mnoho ľudí trpí len úvodnými štádiami, ktoré ich nemotivujú k návšteve lekára. Z dostupných štatistík vyplynulo, že iba jedna pätina ľudí navštívila kvôli tomuto ochoreniu špecialistu. Väčšina pacientov sa snaží liečiť sama a každý tretí pacient príznaky dokonca vôbec nerieši,“ dopĺňa category manažérka voľnopredajných liekov spoločnosti Zentiva Adriána Rakúsová.

Hemoroidálne ochorenie je chronické a v podstate sa nedá vyliečiť. Dajú sa však predlžovať obdobia pokoja a zmierňovať sila tzv. atakov. Prieskum taktiež odhalil, že svrbenie je najčastejším a aj najviac obťažujúcim príznakom ochorenia. „Medzi ďalšie príznaky patrí bolesť v oblasti konečníka, pálenie, krvácanie či zápal,“ dodáva MUDr. Pekárková.

hemoroidy_24924

Obrázok 1: Najčastejšie prejavy hemoroidálneho ochorenia
Zdroj: *Prieskum 2 muse, 2023, 1312 účastníkov

Nezávisle od toho, či chce človek eliminovať riziko získania tohto ochorenia, či „držať na uzde“ jeho príznaky, je potrebné upraviť svoj životný štýl a systematicky dodržiavať základné režimové opatrenia. V prvom rade dostatok pravidelného pohybu a vyváženú stravu bohatú na dostatok vlákniny a tekutiny. „Je veľmi dôležité, aby sa človek preventívne chránil a naozaj sa vyvaroval dlhému sedeniu, eliminoval aj tzv. vysedávanie na toalete. Neodporúča sa zdvíhanie ťažkých bremien a práca v podrepe. Pozor by sa mal dávať na análnu hygienu, ktorú netreba podceňovať, ale ani preháňať. K režimovým opatreniam patrí nepochybne i redukcia nadváhy,“ upozorňuje prednosta I. chirurgickej kliniky LF UK a UNB doc. MUDr. Marek Čambal, PhD., MPH, MHA.

Hlavným impulzom k návšteve lekára je pre tretinu ľudí dlhodobý pocit diskomfortu a štvrtine stačí uvedomenie si, že by mohlo ísť o hemoroidy. Najviac pacientov navštívilo gastroenterológa. Chirurga navštevujú pacienti najmä v štádiu komplikácií. Ľudia do 55 rokov, v porovnaní so staršími, viac trpia bolesťou. Podľa prieskumu ženy navštevujú lekára v menšej miere ako muži a celkovo hemoroidy s lekárom riešia skôr ľudia nad 55 rokov.

Pri hemoroidoch sa často striedajú pokojnejšie obdobia s obdobiami s výraznými problémami a príznakmi, ktoré sa nazývajú akútne ataky. Liečba hemoroidálneho ochorenia je komplexná naprieč všetkými štádiami ochorenia a jej nevyhnutnou súčasťou sú už spomínané režimové opatrenia. „Súčasťou liečby je aj systémová farmakoterapia, ktorá pozostáva z perorálne podaných liečiv – venofarmák pôsobiacich spevňujúco na steny ciev. Ako podporná liečba je zároveň vhodná lokálna farmakoterapia v podobe mastí, čapíkov a podobne, ktorá pomôže najmä rýchlo uľaviť od príznakov, ako sú svrbenie a bolesť,“ vysvetľuje MUDr. Pekárková. Zaujímavosťou je, že tehotných žien s hemoroidmi je 7 %. Viac ako polovica ľudí, ktorí trpia hemoroidmi alebo ťažkosťami v oblasti konečníka, trpí tiež ťažkosťami s trávením a tretina ťažkosťami s močením.

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