Pozor na nočné šoférovanie, prekúrenú domácnosť či umelé osvetlenie

Napísal Michal Krajčír 04. december 2023

V zimnom období sme nútení tráviť viac času pri umelom osvetlení. Či už pracujeme do večerných hodín, pozeráme sa na televíziu alebo si pred spaním čítame knižku s lampičkou, nevedomky tým ubližujeme predovšetkým našim očiam. 

Viete, čo všetko môže zrak ohroziť a ako sa dá týmto nepríjemnostiam predchádzať?

Pre zimu je typický úbytok prirodzeného svetla. Každý deň je zhruba o štyri minúty kratší ako ten predchádzajúci. Slnečné svetlo je však pre ľudský organizmus veľmi dôležité a pokiaľ ho naše telo nedostáva, hrozí nám v kombinácii s nedostatočným alebo nekvalitným osvetlením pocit únavy, podráždenia či bolesť hlavy. Trpieť môžu aj oči. Ako unavenému zraku v tomto prípade uľaviť? Odborník radí, aby ste zaradili aspoň trikrát denne tzv. očnú jógu alebo jednoduché cvičenia. „Pokiaľ budete pravidelne hýbať svaly v oku, robiť krúživé pohľady rôznymi smermi alebo nahor a nadol, urýchlite tým látkovú výmenu v tomto okolí, čo má pozitívne účinky na náš zrak. Niekedy pomôže aj jednoduché pravidlo 20-6-20, teda robiť 20 sekundové prestávky s pohľadom na predmet vzdialený aspoň 6 metrov po 20 minútach práce s obrazovkou,“ radí odborný garant optiky FOKUS Martin Slaný.

Zlá viditeľnosť na cestách

Hmla, dážď, skorý západ slnka ale aj oslňujúce svetlá protiidúcich áut. Tieto podmienky majú vplyv na skryté očné vady, o ktorých možno ani neviete. Nebezpečné je to obzvlášť u vodičov, ktorí svojim chovaním na cestách môžu ohroziť nielen seba, ale aj ostatných účastníkov cestnej premávky vrátane chodcov. Kvôli nepriaznivému počasiu majú ich oči málo svetla na rozlíšenie vzdialeností, detailov či kontrastných farieb. Dioptrické slnečné okuliare s fotochromatickými sklami sú vhodnou voľbou, nakoľko sa prispôsobia svetelným podmienkam. Pri zhoršenej viditeľnosti sa preto musia zorničky rozšíriť. Tým však do oka preniká tiež väčšie množstvo lúčov, ktoré naviac prechádzajú i periférnymi okrajmi šošovky.

soferovanie_v_dazdi_1223

Prejavujú sa tak tzv. okrajové vady zraku, ktoré sú inak prirodzené. Patrí sem aj nočná myopia, ktorá môže zrak zhoršiť až o pol dioptrie. „Pokiaľ má človek podozrenie, že sa s touto vadou stretáva, mal by navštíviť očného lekára alebo optometristu. Dôležité je mať správnu korekciu dioptrií v okuliaroch alebo kontaktných šošovkách. Pomôžu aj špeciálne okuliare, ktoré majú tónovacie filtre a antireflexnú úpravu. Vhodné sú pre všetkých vodičov, pretože zvyšujú kontrast pozorovaných predmetov,“ opisuje Martin Slaný. 

Suchý vzduch v miestnosti

Keď sa teploty za oknom blížia k nule, sme za vyhriatu kanceláriu alebo domácnosť naozaj vďační. Bohužiaľ s vykurovacou sezónou súvisí aj suchý vzduch v miestnostiach, ktorý môže prispieť tiež k problémom s očami. „Pobyt vo vykurovaných priestoroch alebo presun z tepla do zimy môže spôsobiť tzv. syndróm suchého oka. Ten sa najčastejšie prejavuje pocitom suchých, podráždených a začervenaných očí, či opuchnutých viečok. Zaujímavé je tiež to, že aj keď môžu oči nadmerne slziť, ochorenie súvisí s nedostatkom slzného filmu, ktorý namiesto toho, aby oko zvlhčoval, odchádza v podobe sĺz,“ dodáva Slaný. Rýchlu úľavu preto prinesú tzv. umelé slzy, ktoré efektívne regenerujú spojivky a zabraňujú vysychaniu očí.

Čítanie knihy v šere

Nadchádzajúce večery sú ako stvorené na to, aby sme sa natiahli na sedačku, zababušili sa do deky a so šálkou horúcej čokolády hltali riadky obľúbenej knihy. Problémové však býva osvetlenie. Zatiaľ čo príliš ostré svetlo nie je vhodné pre večerné chvíle, pretože klame organizmus zdaním, že je ešte deň, čítanie v pološere vyžaduje väčšiu námahu zraku, aby oko mohlo vykonávať svoju funkciu. Výsledkom tak môže byť začervenanie očí alebo bolesť hlavy. Ideálne osvetlenie pri čítaní býva približne 300 lúmenov. Pre deti je lepšie zvoliť silnejšie svetlo, teda zhruba 500 lúmenov.

citanie_v_sere_1223

Avšak bez ohľadu na to, či je svetlo tlmenejšie alebo jasnejšie, tým ako človek starne, najmä po 45. roku života trpí presbyopiou, teda očnou vadou, pri ktorej máme problém zaostriť na blízko. Riešením sú tzv. čítacie okuliare. „Pri výbere okuliarov sa zverte do rúk lekára či optometristu. Rozhodne neodporúčam kupovať dioptrickú pomôcku v obchodných reťazcoch, pretože tie nie sú vhodné na dlhodobé nosenie. Každé oko je odlišné a vyžaduje inú dioptriu a vycentrovanie šošovky,“ upozorňuje Martin Slaný.

Modré svetlo moderných technológií

Tým, že trávime viac času doma, krátime si voľné chvíľky nielen brázdením na internete, ale tiež sledovaním televízie či hraním počítačových hier. Displeje týchto chytrých zariadení vyžarujú modré svetlo, ktoré je podobné tomu slnečnému. Vďaka nemu dochádza k vyplavovaniu hormónu serotonínu, ktorý nás udržuje aktívnymi. Narúša tým ale spánok aj celkový biorytmus človeka.

sledovanie_mobilu_v_tme

„Okrem toho, že si na notebooku alebo mobilnom telefóne môžete nastaviť príjemnejšie žlté svetlo, oplatí sa investovať tiež do tzv. blue filtrov, ktoré sa jednoducho aplikujú ako povrchová úprava na okuliarové šošovky. Ďalšia možnosť sú potom úľavové kontaktné šošovky, ktoré odporúčame zákazníkom v produktívnom veku. Fungujú na princípe predĺženia zrakovej ostrosti pri striedaní pohľadu na stredné vzdialenosti a na blízko, čím, jednoducho povedané, uľavujú preostrovaniu medzi týmito dvomi vzdialenosťami,“ vysvetľuje Martin Slaný.

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