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Viete, čím sa vyznačuje šintoizmus?

Napísal femme 31. október 2023

Šintoizmus je staré japonské náboženstvo, ktoré sa vyznačuje uctievaním cisára a prírody, malo v japonskej kultúre nezanedbateľný vplyv aj na architektúru. Charakteriostické sú preň rôzne posvätné brány, ktoré majú symbolicky význam niečo spájať.

freepik_japan_meditation

Šintoizmus patrí medzi animistické náboženstvá a uctievajú sa v ňom božstvá kami, ktoré môže mať každá vec prírody, napríklad hory, rieky, stromy, vietor, ale aj Slnko (Amaterasu).

Šintoizmus bol v rokoch 1868-1945 spájaný s kultom mikáda (cisára) a vyvinul sa z pôvodného národné náboženstva Japoncov polyteistého rázu. Kládol dôraz na pôvodne tradície a až do konca druhej svetovej vojny bol japonským štátnym náboženstvom.
Na šintoizmus mal vplyv budhizmus, ba neraz dochádzalo k prelínaniu sa týchto dvoch náboženstiev.

freepik_shinto_cat

Napriek tomu, že staré šintoistické náboženstvo formovalo japonské uctievanie prírody a cisára, samostatnú architektúru nevytvorilo. Japonská kultúra mala sklon k izolacionizmu, ktorý mal za následok, že všetky cudzie vplyvy boli vylúčené. Od 17. do polovice 19. storočia spôsobil samostatný a nezávislý vývoj v duchu národnej tradície. Japonská architektúra je charakteristická rovnováhou medzi prírodou a kultúrou. Príchod budhizmu z Číny v 6.storočí podnietil väčšiu výstavbu a spôsoby stavania, ale nepodarilo sa mu zatieniť šintoizmus. Japonské staviteľstvo si udržalo charakteristickú formu a z čínskej architektúry prebralo trámovú konštrukciu a určujúci význam strechy. Dekoratívne umenie bolo v Japonsku vždy na vysokej úrovni, prejavovalo sa to na prepracovanosti kompozície a využití symetrie a asymetrie vo vzájomnej rovnováhe. Príkladom môžu byť niektoré typy stavieb, ktoré sa odvodzovali od rituálov pitia čaju.

freepik_shinto_gate

V Japonsku často vidieť postavené rôzne posvätné brány, ktoré majú symbolicky význam niečo spájať. Jenou z nich je aj plávajúca posvätná brána z 12.storočia Icukušima, Mijajima. Ďalším typom sakrálnych stavieb sú šintoistické svätyne (Kamiji-Jama, Nara) či samotný Cisársky palác. Zo svetských stavieb je známa cisárska vila Kabura, Kobori Enšu zo začiatku 17.storočia a vyznačuje sa jednoduchosťou a úzkym vzťahom k prírode.

Zdroj foto: Freepik - Fushimi inari svätyňa, plávajúca posvätná brána z 12.storočia Icukušim.

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