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Slávni doktori prierezom histórie

Napísal femme 06. jún 2016

História nám dáva za pravdu, že je mnoho lekárov, ktorí by si zaslúžili aby sme ich spomenuli. My vám prinášame troch kontroverzných z novšieho obdobia.

Všetci sme počuli o najznámejších lekároch staroveku Hippokratovi z Atén, ktorý položil vedecké základy medicíny a o Galénovi, ktorý sa zaslúžil okrem iného aj o nové chirurgické zákroky v Rímskej ríši.

PARACELSUS (1493-1541)
Pôvodom pochádza zo Švajčiarska, plným menom ako Philippus Aureolus Theosphrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim. Bol dobrodužnej povahy a už ako dospievajúci mládenec rád cestoval. Neskôr sa dostal aj do tatárského zajatia, z ktorého sa mu podarilo utiecť. V roku 1517 pôsobil na dánskom kráľovskom dvore ako osobný lekár panovníka. Úspešne liečil Erasma Rotterdamského (1466-1536) z bolestí a zachránil život tlačiarovi Frobenovi (1460-1527).
Ako človek nebol veľmi obľúbený, napriek jeho odborným kvalitám. Vyznačoval sa arogantným správaním a navyše holdoval alkoholu.

Paracelsus sa stal veľkým odborníkom na liečbu syfilisu. Popísal príznaky ochorenia a naučil sa ich liečiť pomocou ortuti. Zapojil chémiu do služieb zdravia ľudu a založil lekársku vedu na pokuse a pozorovaní.

RÓBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
Narodil sa v Nemecku a medicínu študoval na Univerzite v Göttingene. Dobrovoľne slúžil ako vojenský lekár počas Prusko-francúzskej vojny vo Wolsztyne. Kariérny postup dosiahol v roku 1885, keď sa stal profesorom hygieny na Berlínskej univerzite. O šesť rokov neskôr sa stal riaditeľom Ústavu pre štúdium infekčných chorôb a zostal nim až do roku 1904.
V roku 1882 sa mu podarilo nájsť bacil tuberkulózy. Pre pestovanie baktérii Koch používal najskôr sklovec volského oka. Neskôr prešiel na živný roztok. Vďaka jeho profesionálnemu zanieteniu sa mu podarilo odhaliť pôvodcov ochorenia cholery a infekčného ochorenia slezinnej sneti.

Róbert Koch bol rozporuplná osobnosť nositeľa nobelovej ceny za lekárstvo. Pri výrobe lieku proti tuberkulóze sfalšoval výsledky, aby liečivo rýchlejšie posunul do obehu. Následkom toho umrela desiatka ľudí na vedľajšie účinky preparátu.

lekari 2 2016

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
Freud bol kontroverznou osobnosťou. Bol rovnako uctievaný ako aj zaznávaný. Počas študentských rokov, ktoré prežil na univerzite vo Viedni, ho považovali za výborného a ambiciózneho študenta. Preto aj prvé lekárske kroky smerovali do Viedenskej všeobecnej nemocnice.

Vytvoril psychoterapeutickú metódu založenú na voľných asociáciách pacienta, vytvorení prenosového vzťahu s ním a na interpretáciách jeho predslovov, snov, prenosových emócii a odporu počas terapie. Okolo tejto terapeutickej techniky sa rozvinul rozsiahly teoretický systém popisujúci človeka z hľadiska psychologického, filozofického a antropologického.
Kľúčovú úlohu pri objave psychoanalýzy zohrala jeho pacientka Bertha Pappenheimová (1859-1936), ktorá občas v stave hypnózy oslepla. Freud z toho vyvodil, že sa tak deje z psychického prepätia. Ženu preto neskôr liečil hypnózou, v ktorej ju nechal vyrozprávať.

V knihe Výklad snov, definuje nevedomie ako základnú motiváciu ľudského chovania, zároveň v nej po prvýkrát použil termín „oidipov komplex“. Názov vychádza z príbehu o Oidipovi. Freud v oidipovskej problematike hovorí napríklad o voľbe partnera, v tejto teórii tvrdí, že si ho vyberáme podľa rodiča opačného pohlavia. V ďalšej teórii sa opiera o problematiku neschopnosti predstihnúť rodičov, čo sa prejavuje v nedostatočnom uplatnení sa v živote a využití svojich schopností.

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    Regardless Of his immense again development, Wolf battled decrease back points all through
    his career however still managed to maintain one of the most visually spectacular backs in bodybuilding.
    Wolf’s rear lat unfold was his defining pose, the place his upper lats would flare out dramatically,
    making his waist appear even smaller compared. His philosophy of
    stunning the muscles by continuously various his routine kept his again growing
    and improving throughout his profession.
    While such an strategy generally works, it’s usually unnecessary for typical, drug-free lifters.
    In reality, long, complex routines are sometimes onerous to stay to,
    as inconvenience regularly outweighs any potential benefits.
    After all, lack of time and access to amenities are two very common obstacles
    to constant exercise (1). To maximise muscle hypertrophy,
    landmine workouts ought to be programmed strategically within a coaching break up.
    The American Faculty of Sports Medicine (ACSM, 2009) recommends a rep range of 6-12 for hypertrophy, with progressive overload utilized constantly.

    Incorporating bent-over rows into your routine will enhance overall back
    growth and improve posture.
    Strengthening your again also involves targeting the smaller stabilizing muscle tissue across the vertebral column and thoracic cage.

    Exercises that incorporate a full range of movement help enhance flexibility in these areas while constructing mass.
    Many gym-goers try for a strong, muscular back however aren’t certain tips on how
    to obtain it. This information offers the best workouts tailor-made to expanding
    your back’s musculature and enhancing power.
    You ought to select pull-ups, chin-ups, pull-downs, and pull-overs for width.
    The dumbbell row is a unilateral exercise where you prepare one facet
    of the physique at a time. This warm-up protocol consists of a basic
    warm-up (cardio) and a muscle-specific warm-up with applicable exercises for the muscles you’re coaching
    today. Getting Ready your physique before diving into a workout
    session is all the time a good suggestion to optimize efficiency and reduce the chance of injury.
    Your rest intervals ought to be lengthy sufficient so
    that you just can get well adequately for the subsequent set.
    Coaching back takes a lot out of you, and those large,
    highly effective muscle tissue often require a quantity of minutes of recovery to perform your best.

    The lat pull-in is an superior exercise to really hone in on this space as a end result of 
    it places the resistance directly consistent with the specific angle that
    the majority of the lat fibers run. Each week try to add slightly extra weight to the top single and more reps to the
    back-off sets. Once you’re in place, there’s a quantity of issues to
    do to make the precise rowing part more effective.

    It addresses the lats liable for width and all the opposite muscular
    tissues for thickness as nicely. The lats will truly work tougher whereas getting addressed with many other muscle tissue due to concurrent activation potentiation. Extensive,
    overhand grips together with vigorous stretching will allow for
    more width. Due to the broad insertion of the latissimus dorsi,
    you also need to pull into many different areas of your torso to raised hit particular
    fibers. The deadlift, an train that ought to be current in any back workout designed
    for adding muscle. Not solely does it hit more muscle than most movements it additionally has different advantages such as hitting core muscles.
    The deadlift is ideal for general back improvement, power and enhancing stabilization to your trunk, which in turn will help assist
    you in your different lifts.
    It's as a end result of we know that given the selection males wish to
    see abs and arms, chest and boulder shoulders, not back muscle tissue.

    But when it comes to figuring out, you ought to be paying the identical attention to
    again workout routines as you do another muscle group.
    A lot of individuals find that using the narrower grip with palms going through in feels more pure compared to common overhand lat pulldowns, so it’s undoubtedly an exercise you’ll
    wish to try out.
    Including a deadlift variation will care for your decrease back,
    supplying you with a thicker again. However it additionally helps to think
    about whether or not you’re tucking or flaring your elbows and
    whether you’re stretching and contracting your shoulder blades.

    Incorporating strongman exercises into your again exercise
    routine can add a dynamic factor of useful strength and athleticism.
    These workouts, such as tire flips, farmer’s walks, and atlas stone
    lifts, interact a quantity of muscle groups concurrently, selling general physique stability and energy.
    The Cable Elevated Row is a top-notch exercise that targets the higher
    and middle again, contributing to constructing thickness
    and strength in these very important areas. This
    exercise may be easily adjusted to different resistance levels by
    merely altering the burden on the cable machine.
    Strengthen and sculpt your back with these top 10 workouts, including
    dumbbell palm rotational bent-over row, barbell reverse grip incline bench row, cable low
    seated row, and more.
    Reps are often accomplished singularly or in pairs quite
    than extended sets. This train targets the fast twitch kind IIb fibers that give your muscles most of their size.
    Training your rotator cuff, infraspinatus, teres minor, and rear delts is crucial as these smaller muscular tissues support major lifts that contribute to overall back thickness.
    Working these muscles effectively requires time beneath rigidity
    with managed actions aimed at building power with out risking
    damage.
    To perform this exercise, hold a barbell or dumbbells with an overhand grip whereas bending at
    the hips and keeping your again flat. When it involves constructing a robust again, bodybuilders emphasize progressive overload
    – steadily growing weight or resistance throughout workouts to continuously
    challenge and stimulate muscle development. Bodybuilders emphasize the
    significance of together with a wide selection of workouts of
    their back workouts. They stress the need for compound
    movements corresponding to deadlifts, which have interaction multiple muscle groups simultaneously.

    Dorian believed in doing fewer sets with extreme depth, guaranteeing every set was pushed to failure.

    This strategy allowed him to develop a world-class back with
    out extreme training volume, contributing to his reputation as one of the strategic bodybuilders in historical
    past. Dorian’s again was known for its unbelievable
    thickness, especially within the mid and decrease regions.


    The common warm-up for all of them ought to be
    five to eight minutes on a rower, however you could
    additionally do a couple of units of chin-ups or lat
    pull-downs. Warm-ups for every train aren’t shown, however absolutely do a
    few units beginning light and gradually shifting up on the primary two exercises before
    transferring on to your heavier working weights. Thankfully, dumbbell rows and any sort
    of rowing machine with chest help are each safe and effective for you to blast your lats with.
    Hammer Strength, Arsenal Power, and Panatta Sport are simply three gear producers that
    produce quite so much of excellent rowing machines with support to brace your torso
    against.
    It Is primarily the identical motion, however you are not pulling your
    entire physique weight. It’s actually one of the best
    compound actions for gaining size and power within the
    again, along with the hips and hamstrings. What's extra, if you would like to enhance huge compound actions like
    the deadlift and bench press, a robust back will assist that,
    too. Build energy and thickness in your upper again with these rowing exercise variations.

    His ability to alter grips and angles regularly ensured that his back muscle tissue had been continually challenged.

    Uncover the important thing workouts, coaching secrets, and little-known facts that helped them achieve
    greatness. Positioned throughout your upper back,
    the trapezius or traps is a large diamond-shaped
    muscle comprising three teams of fibers – upper, center,
    and decrease. The content material on BOXROX is provided solely for informational and educational functions.
    Our website just isn't meant to replace professional health and well being
    advice, analysis, or treatment.
    You want to lower the dumbbell as far as you can without overstretching or compromising the steadiness of your shoulder joint.
    If the training volume is simply too high so that you simply can maintain focus throughout
    the entire coaching session, feel free to do one set
    less for exercises two to five. And while constructing a big
    back takes onerous work and high-intensity coaching classes, the proper workouts
    make all of the difference.
    His again combined thickness in the traps and lats with
    wonderful overall mass, making his rear lat spread some
    of the imposing in bodybuilding historical past. Not Like many opponents, his back was thick from
    high to bottom, with balanced growth throughout each part.
    But, before you start, make positive you prepare your muscle tissue and joints with
    a thorough warm-up. Begin with 5-10 minutes of cardio, e.g., a rower, elliptical, or air bike, after which
    do a couple of minutes of dynamic mobility and suppleness
    workouts in your elbows, shoulders, and lower again.
    Start along with your weakest arm by performing as many reps
    as potential in a single minute, emphasizing stretch and
    technique; rest one minute and match this number of reps
    on the stronger arms. Relaxation one minute, then do the same thing for forty five seconds on the unique arm;
    relaxation forty five seconds and follow suit on the weaker arm.

    Rest 45 seconds and the ultimate set on the
    sturdy arm go for 30 seconds, relaxation 30 seconds and end for 30 seconds on the
    weaker arm. It’s no coincidence heavy deadlifts are synonymous with nice back improvement.
    The deadlift focuses on your erectors as you lengthen your torso to full
    vertical. Neck Rotations are wonderful for bettering neck flexibility and decreasing stiffness, however they
    do not directly build neck muscle.
    That mentioned, while there is no denying the power of pull-ups, there
    is a couple of approach to carry out them. Named after the late bodybuilder John Meadows, this unilateral
    rowing train is excellent for increasing again width
    and addressing muscular imbalances. By specializing in one facet at
    a time, the Meadows row enhances mind-muscle connection and forces higher stabilisation.
    You Are going to want a extra flared arm path and a decrease
    again arch if you're attempting to isolate the upper back with a row or a pulldown. The degree of flare can vary a bit, but to focus on the higher again you are going to want the arms kidnapped and performing shoulder extension. A closer
    grip or shoulder-width grip is usually more best for concentrating on the lats.
    A wider grip could be a great possibility for the higher again, particularly when doing chins or pulldowns.

    On the opposite hand, the underhand pull-up largely depresses the shoulder no matter how you alter your body place.
    This slackens the biceps, stretches the lats, includes minimal scapular retraction, all but removes the higher trapezius,
    locations shearing forces on the shoulders, and brings many
    different disadvantages. Shoulder extension, which happens most purely
    on a row, addresses many muscles.
    Strengthening these muscles enhances the thickness
    and energy of the back of the neck. If you want to construct an even bigger and stronger
    back, now you know precisely what to do. So subsequent time you’re in the fitness center working back, concentrate on the three steps above,
    and I guarantee that you will see higher ends in your
    back improvement. 1) Develop Your Rear DeltsAlthough not technically
    a "back" muscle, well-developed rear delts are literally a key
    part of back thickness.
    For added challenge and variation, attempt using an underhand grip or dumbbells as
    an alternative of a barbell. Maintain your core engaged all through to protect your backbone during this train. This unilateral train corrects muscle imbalances while constructing back thickness and definition. Now, let’s
    break down the highest seven back exercises you need
    in your bodybuilding routine. I suspect our again muscle
    tissue fatigue much less simply because it’s
    harder to problem them at long muscle lengths. Bench presses, push-ups, and dumbbell flyes
    problem our chests underneath a deep stretch, making every
    set much more environment friendly.
    Envision pulling the bar "through" your body for slightly additional engagement of the middle back.
    This is another technique that can help you
    exhaust your back muscular tissues, resulting in extra growth and thickness.
    Upright Rows are glorious for building the traps and shoulders when carried out with proper kind.
    To decrease the risk of shoulder impingement, hold your elbows under shoulder peak
    and use an EZ bar or dumbbells for a safer grip.
    Fat burning should come from an overall approach which includes making a caloric
    deficit via a mix of a nutrient-dense diet wealthy in protein and targeted
    energy training. They also stretch out to your shoulders, connecting to
    your shoulder blades (scapula). As A Outcome Of of their extensive, four-sided form, they’re called the trapezius.

    Kevin Levrone, "The Maryland Muscle Machine," brought a singular combination of
    thickness and aesthetics to the bodybuilding stage.
    His again, very related to his overall physique, struck the proper stability between measurement and symmetry.

    Wolf’s again was one of many widest in bodybuilding, creating an nearly exaggerated V-taper that made him stand out in any lineup.
    His upper lats flared out dramatically, giving him a broad look, while his lower
    back maintained solid definition. Arnold Schwarzenegger, probably the most iconic
    bodybuilder of all time, had a again that was as well-known as his
    charismatic persona. With 7 Mr. Olympia titles, his broad
    V-taper and muscle growth defined the golden age of bodybuilding.
    His extensive lats gave him an imposing V-taper, while his muscle density ensured that his again appeared as sturdy because it was broad.

    The vary of movement for an exercise does not improve pressure,
    the main stimulus for more size and energy. The angle of pull, or how the exercise matches up with
    the orientation of the muscle fibers, is missing as nicely.

    This movement is nice for hitting your back, especially to the; inside lats, mid to decrease traps and the rhomboids.