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Mesiac povedomia o rakovine krčka maternice

Napísal Mgr. Petra Benczyová 21. január 2025

Karcinóm krčka maternice je rakovina, ktorá sa tvorí v tkanivách krčka maternice. Zvyčajne ide o pomaly rastúcu rakovinu, ktorá nemusí mať príznaky, môže však byť zistená prostredníctvom rôznych foriem prevencie.

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A práve o nich informuje pravidelne – počas celého roka – i Liga proti rakovine, intenzívne v mesiaci január, ktorý je venovaný povedomiu o tomto nádorovom ochorení.

Výskyt na Slovensku

Karcinóm krčka maternice je 5. najčastejším nádorovým ochorením, ktoré je diagnostikované ženám na Slovensku. Každoročne sa diagnostikuje približne 600 prípadov a zaznamená viac ako 200 úmrtí na túto diagnózu. Výskyt tohto ochorenia začína stúpať po 25. roku života. Viac ako 40 % prípadov sa diagnostikuje u žien do 50. roku života. Viac ako jedna tretina prípadov je diagnostikovaných v III. a IV. klinickom štádiu, kedy už prognóza pre pacientky nie je veľmi priaznivá. Optimistické je, že viac ako 40 % prípadov je diagnostikovaných v I. klinickom štádiu, v roku 2014 to bolo viac ako 50 %.

Príklad zo zahraničia

Úspešné sú nástroje, ktoré sa osvedčili vo Švédsku, Fínsku či Dánsku. Podľa HPV Policy Atlasu z roku 2023 sú to krajiny s najlepšou kvalitou primárnej a sekundárnej prevencie vo vzťahu k HPV infekcii. V rámci sekundárnej prevencie podporujú tieto krajiny skríningový program a testovanie na infekciu HPV. Za úspechom stojí aj kvalitná komunikácia oficiálnych webových portálov štátnych orgánov vrátane zdravotníckych a školských autorít.

Inšpiratívna je aj Austrália. Odborníci predpokladajú, že vďaka očkovaniu, skríningu a kvalitnej liečbe by mohla Austrália v roku 2035 zaznamenať menej ako 4 prípady rakoviny krčka maternice na 100 000 žien. Údaje zo Škótska uvádzajú, že u žien očkovaných vo veku 12 alebo 13 rokov neboli zaznamenané žiadne prípady invazívnej rakoviny krčka maternice.

Prevencia

Toto ochorenie patrí k tým, ktorým je možné predchádzať a pri včasnom záchyte sa dá dobre liečiť i vyliečiť.

Očkovanie proti HPV

Infekcia ľudským papilomavírusom (HPV) môže viesť k vzniku viacerých druhov rakoviny u mužov aj žien. U žien je zodpovedná za vyše 99 percent prípadov rakoviny krčka maternice. Prenášačmi vírusu HPV sú muži aj ženy.

Primárnou a veľmi účinnou formou prevencie proti HPV je očkovanie. Očkovanie pre chlapcov a dievčatá od dovŕšeného 12. roku do 15. roku pozostáva z 2 dávok a je hradené z verejného zdravotného poistenia. Očkovanie pre osoby vo veku 15 – 18 rokov pozostáva z 3 dávok, pričom je možné využiť benefity ich zdravotnej poisťovne. Očkovanie pre ľudí starších ako 18 rokov pozostáva tiež z 3 dávok, ale nevzťahuje sa naň benefit zdravotnej poisťovne.

Sekundárnou prevenciou je štátom riadený skríning určený pre ženy vo veku od 23 do 64 rokov. Spočíva v odbere buniek z krčka maternice na cytologické vyšetrenie.

Podľa posledných údajov zdravotných poisťovní absolvovalo skríning rakoviny krčka maternice v roku 2023 44 % žien vo veku 23 – 64 rokov. V rámci trojročného intervalu (2021 – 2023), v ktorom sa odporúča absolvovať toto vyšetrenie, sa zúčastnilo 66,5% percent žien. V celoslovenských štatistikách dosahujú najvyššiu účasť Trenčiansky a Žilinský kraj.

Informácie o skríningu rakoviny krčka maternice nájdete na www.onkokontrola.sk.

Absolvovať môžete aj oportúnny skríning – ísť iniciatívne na preventívnu gynekologickú prehliadku s cytologickým vyšetrením, nárok na ňu má žena 1x ročne od 18 rokov.

Ako pomáha Liga proti rakovine pri liečbe a v prevencii rakoviny krčka maternice?

Pre onkologické pacientky s rakovinou krčka maternice poskytuje Liga proti rakovine bezplatné informácie o ochorení. Brožúru s týmito informáciami vydáva Národný onkologický inštitút a môžete ju nájsť na webe LPR odkiaľ si ju môžete bezplatne objednať: https://www.lpr.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Karcinom-krcka-maternice-rakovina-krcka-maternice-komplexna-verzia.pdf a celoročné bezplatné psychosociálne služby.

Informovanosť verejnosti je pre elimináciu prípadov rakoviny krčka maternice kľúčová.

V prevencii tohto závažného ochorenia pripravila LPR bezplatné informačné brožúrky:

Na čo má žena nárok v rámci prevencie?: https://www.lpr.sk/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Prevencie-pred-rakovinou-Na-co-ma-zena-narok.pdf

Čo je HPV vírus?: https://www.lpr.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/HPV.pdf

Skríning rakoviny krčka maternice: https://www.lpr.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Skrining-rakoviny-krcka-maternice.pdf

Počas roka poskytuje poradenstvo na bezplatnej Onkoporadni, prednášky pre firmy a školy, prevenčné informácie v rámci verejných informačných eventov.

 

O Lige proti rakovine

 

Liga proti rakovine, nezávislé občianske združenie, pomáha na Slovensku onkologickým pacientom a ich blízkym už 35 rokov prostredníctvom množstva bezplatných psychosociálnych projektov. Aktívne sa venuje i edukácii a informovanosti verejnosti o zdravom životnom štýle a o prevencii onkologických ochorení. Viac na www.lpr.sk

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    He presently works as a Tutor & Educator for British Weightlifting, and has beforehand delivered S&C help to gymnastics and swimming talent pathways.

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