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Viete, aký je rozdiel medzi papyrusom a pergamenom?

Napísal femme 26. február 2023

Papyrus a pergamen boli prvé mäkké materiály, na ktoré ľudia písali svoje múdrosti a hlúposti... Vzácnosť papyrusu dokladá existencia palimpsestov...

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Zdroj foto: Book of the Dead of Hunefer, Wikipedia.com

Papyrus

Už pred piatimi tisíckami rokov poznali pisári atrament, pero a mäkký materiál na písanie. Tým materiálom bol papyrus. Za jeho existenciu možno vďačiť rastline s názvom šachor papyrusový. Uvedená rastlina vytvárala bohaté porasty v močarinách okolo Nílu a šikovní Egypťania zistili, že z jej vláknitých stvolov sa dá vytvoriť zaujímavý materiál - papyrusový "papier". Tenké plátky narezané z drene šachora položili na seba, čím vytvorili rovnú a pružnú plochu, ktorá sa potom sušila tlakom a nakoniec leštila. Vo finále sa škrobovým lepidlom zlepilo asi dvadsať pripravených papyrusových listov a vznikol viacmetrový zvitok. Výroba papyrusu bola štátnym monopolom a od tretieho tisícročia sa papyrus vyvážal z Egypta do celej oblasti Stredomoria. Samozrejme, papyrus bol veľmi drahý a predstavoval pre staroveký Egypt značný zdroj príjmov. Vzácnosť papyrusu dokladá aj existencia palimpsestov, t.j. opakovane používaných papyrusov, z ktorých sa zmyl predchádzajúci text, aby sa na ne dalo znovu písať.

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Pergamen

Slovo pergamen vlastne znamená "koža z Pergamonu" (mesto Pergamon patrilo k najdôležitejším mestám starovekej maloázijskej Mýzie). Keď sa v druhom storočí pred našim letopočtom Pergamon rozkmotril s Egyptom a ten prestal dodávať vzácny papyrus, museli sa pergamonskí pisári preorientovať na iný druh podkladového písacieho materiálu. Z núdze teda upriamili pozornosť na kožu, ktorá sa už aj predtým používala na písanie. A začal sa vyrábať pergamen: z dôkladne spracovanej kože oviec, kôz a teliat; prípadne z gazelej, antilopej alebo pštrosej usne. Ovčia a teľacia koža však mali jednu výhodu - dalo sa na ne písať z obidvoch strán. No najkvalitnejší bol takzvaný velínový pergamen, ktorý vznikal z kože veľmi mladých či dokonca ešte nenarodených teliat. Zvitok papyrusu tak nahradil list pergamenu... a zrodila sa viazaná kniha...

pergamen_26223

Zdroj foto: Wikipedia.com

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