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Viete, čo je to Syndróm cudzej ruky, ako vzniká a dá sa liečiť?

Napísal Kristína Chudá 08. február 2021

Mimozemská či anarchická ruka je jedným z najzaujímavejších fenoménov v neurológii. Je to medicínska kuriozita? Určite. Ale tiež nekončiaci strach o vlastný život, ktorým v súčasnosti trpí niekoľko stoviek pacientov po celom svete.

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Jedna ruka nevie, čo robí druhá?

Kto im ide po krku? Oni sami, respektíve ich vlastná ruka. Takzvaný syndróm cudzej ruky sa však neobmedzuje len na horné končatiny, môže postihnúť aj nohy. A čo zmôžete, keď sa vaša končatina rozhodne, že s vami teraz spolupracovať nebude? Nič!

Syndróm cudzej ruky je zriedkavý neurologický stav, ktorý spôsobuje, že jedna ruka koná na základe vlastnej slobodnej vôle. Pri syndróme mimozemskej ruky nie je ruka pod kontrolou mysle a pohybuje sa akoby mala svoju vlastnú myseľ. Postihnutá ruka sa počas týchto „záchvatov“ cíti cudzia a tak svojho majiteľa vôbec nepočúva a „žije si svoji  životom“. Tento syndróm postihuje ako deti, tak aj dospelých. Niekedy sa tento syndróm nazýva aj Strangelovianova ruka alebo anarchická ruka.

Prečo tento syndróm vzniká?

Syndróm cudzej ruky môže byť spôsobený niekoľkými faktormi. U niektorých ľudí sa rozvíja syndróm mimozemskej ruky po mozgovej porážke, traume alebo nádore. Niekedy je spojený aj s rakovinou, neurodegeneratívnymi ochoreniami a mozgovými aneuryzmami.

Skenovanie mozgu ukazuje, že ľudia so syndrómom mimozemských rúk majú izolované aktivity v oblasti kontralaterálnej primárnej motoriky. Predpokladá sa, že je to spôsobené léziami alebo poškodením mozgovej kôry. Odpoveď sa rozhodne skrýva v mozgu, niekde na predele oboch hemisfér. Isté indície prichádzajú od epileptikov, psychotikov a pacientov s neuro-degeneratívnymi ochoreniami. A tiež od tých, ktorí utrpeli poškodenie čelných lalokov mozgu, napríklad pri autonehode.

Aké sú príznaky?

Najvýznamnejším príznakom syndrómu mimozemskej ruky je neschopnosť ovládať ruku, ktorá koná nezávisle. Postihnutá ruka sa môže pohybovať a vykonávať úlohy a akcie zamerané na cieľ. O ruke sa hovorí, že sa pohybuje bez kognitívnej kontroly alebo vedomia. Je to, akoby ju ovládal niekto iný.

Ruka sa môže dotýkať tváre, zapínať košeľu alebo zbierať predmety, niekedy opakovane alebo nutkavo. Ruka sa môže zapojiť aj do protichodných akcií, ako je zatvorenie zásuvky, ktorú druhá ruka práve otvorila, alebo rozopnutie košele, ktorú ste práve zapli. Cudzia ruka nespolupracuje a môže vykonávať nesprávne činnosti.

Ľudia so syndrómom mimozemských rúk môžu cítiť, že ruka alebo končatina je cudzia a nepatri k telu. Ľudia, ktorí poruchou trpia, sa zvyčajne boja zaspať. Vo fáze nevedomia si totiž neposedná končatina robí, čo chce, častejšie. „Škriabe vás, trhá obliečky či vytrháva výplň z matraca. ," hovorí Sergio Della Sala, neuropsychológ z Univerzity v Aberdeene. A opisuje prípad svojho pacienta: „Sedel pri večeri a vyberal z ryby na tanieri kosti. Jeho anarchická ruka mu ich samovoľne začala pchať do úst. Výsledkom bol súboj o nadvládu nad vlastným telom."

Diagnostika

Lekár môže diagnostikovať syndróm mimozemských rúk prostredníctvom pozorovania a hodnotenia. Diagnostika syndrómu anarchickej ruky je komplikovaná, pretože je to neurologické ochorenie, ktoré nemá psychiatrickú zložku.

Možnosti liečby

Neexistuje žiadny liek na syndróm mimozemskej ruky. Farmakologické možnosti syndrómu mimozemskej ruky nie sú vyvinuté, ale vedci pracujú na liečbe a na zmiernení príznakov. Ľudia, ktorí majú syndróm cudzej ruky po mozgovej príhode sa môžu po určitom čase zotaviť. Zotavenie je však menej úspešné u ľudí s neurodegeneratívnymi chorobami.

Tento syndróm môže byť liečený pomocou terapií svalovej kontroly. Terapia zrkadlom, kognitívna terapia a behaviorálne terapie môžu pomôcť zvládnuť príznaky. Niekedy sa jedinec pokúsi zadržať svoju mimozemskú ruku tak, že ju drží medzi nohami alebo sedí na nej. Niektorí ľudia môžu považovať za užitočné držať objekt v mimozemskej ruke, aby jej zabránili vo vykonávaní neželaných akcií.

Taktiež môže pomôcť, ak dáte ruke ústny príkaz. Táto metóda však nemusí priniesť dlhodobé výsledky. Lekár môže odporučiť fyzickú a pracovnú terapiu.

Život s „cudzou“ rukou je zložitý a aj keď je to ochorenie na celý život, človek s touto diagnózou sa musí naučiť očakávať neočakávané.  S týmto ochorením môžu vznikať priam bizárne situácie, no ak sa nejadná o situáciu ohrozujúcu život, najlepším liekom je, ak budete všakovaké situácie brať s humorom.

https://www.healthline.com/health/alien-hand-syndrome#diagnosis

https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-18/edition-10/anarchic-hand

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