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Viete, koľko máme na Slovensku pamiatok UNESCO?

Napísal Travel to Slovakia 23. máj 2021

Už v roku 1993 boli do Zoznamu svetového dedičstva UNESCO zaradené tri lokality: Spišský hrad s okolím, Banská Štiavnica a Vlkolínec, v roku 2000 sa pridalo historické šarišské mesto Bardejov, v roku 2008 drevené kostoly Karpatského oblúka a v roku 2009 spišské mesto Levoča.

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Slovensko je krajina bohatá na svetové kultúrne a prírodné dedičstvo

Najrozsiahlejšou lokalitou je Spišský hrad – najväčší hradný stredoveký komplex v strednej Európe, a jeho okolie s mestečkom Spišské Podhradie (s typickými renesančno-barokovými meštianskymi domami), cirkevným mestečkom Spišská Kapitula (s viacerými sakrálnymi pamiatkami a najmä impozantným dvojvežím katedrály sv. Martina) a gotickým kostolíkom Ducha svätého v Žehre zo 14. storočia s interiérom zdobeným freskami zo 14. a 15. storočia. Zachovalosť týchto pamiatkových súborov spolu s okolitým prírodným rámcom travertínového územia národnej prírodnej rezervácie Dreveník, vytvára ojedinelý celok. V júni 2009 sa k tomuto spišskému súboru pridalo aj historické mesto  Levoča.

Banská Štiavnica je mestská pamiatková rezervácia reprezentujúca banskú tradíciu na Slovensku,  Vlkolínec predstavuje pamiatkovú rezerváciu tradičnej ľudovej architektúry a starobylý  Bardejov sa považuje za najgotickejšie mesto Slovenska.

Výnimočnú celosvetovú hodnotu majú aj  drevené kostoly Karpatského oblúka: rímsko-katolícke kostoly v Hervartove a Tvrdošíne, evanjelické artikulárne kostoly v Kežmarku, Leštinách a Hronseku, chrámy východného obradu v Bodružali, Ladomirovej a Ruskej Bystrej.

Prírodné pamiatky UNESCO

Medzi prírodnými pamiatkami v Zozname svetového dedičstva UNESCO reprezentujú Slovensko jaskyne a priepasti Slovenského krasu a Dobšinská ľadová jaskyňa. V roku 2007 boli na zoznam pridané aj Karpatské bukové pralesy v Bukovských a Vihorlatských vrchoch na východe Slovenska.

Slovenský kras ležiaci na juhu Slovenska pri hraniciach s Maďarskom je najväčším krasovým územím v strednej Európe a má najviac podzemných priestorov (nachádza sa tu 1110 jaskýň a priepastí). Už v roku 1995 uspel bilaterálny slovensko-maďarský projekt pod názvom  Jaskyne Slovenského a Aggtelekského krasu (Ochtinská aragonitová jaskyňa, Gombasecká jaskyňa, Jaskyňa Domica, Krásnohorská jaskyňa, Jasovská jaskyňa, ...). V roku 2000 tento zápis rozšírili aj o  Dobšinskú ľadovú jaskyňu, jednu z najväčších svojho druhu v Európe.

V júni 2007 bola na Zoznam svetového dedičstva UNESCO pripísaná lokalita Karpatských bukových pralesov na území Slovenska a Ukrajiny. Pralesy Stužica, Rožok, Havešová v Bukovských vrchoch a Vihorlatský prales vo Vihorlatských vrchoch v CHKO Vihorlat sa tak zaradili medzi svetové prírodné unikáty. Prvé tri z nich sa nachádzajú v oblasti Národného parku Poloniny.

Nehmotné pamiatky UNESCO

Fujara je najtypickejším slovenským hudobným nástrojom, ktorý bol v novembri 2005 v Paríži zapísaný organizáciou UNESCO do Reprezentatívneho zoznamu nehmotného kultúrneho dedičstva. Zoznam založili v roku 2001.

Fujara je vzduchozvučná hranová píšťala dlhá niekedy až 1,8 m, zvyčajne zhotovená z bazového dreva s charakteristickým zádumčivým zvukom.

Nie je známa nikde inde na svete. Za miesto jej zrodu sa považuje stredné Slovensko – oblasť Poľany a severný Gemer. Bola charakteristickým nástrojom pastierov. Fujary sa zdobili ornamentálnymi a zriedkavejšie figurálnymi vzormi.

Najdlhším hudobným nástrojom je fujara trombita dlhá až 6 m, ktorá mala hlásnu funkciu a slúžila na signalizáciu a komunikáciu medzi pastiermi na pasienkoch, pretože má mohutný a silný zvuk. Zhotovuje sa zo smrekového dreva.

Druhou nehmotnou pamiatkou UNESCO je Terchovská muzika - “nebeská” archaická ľudová hudba vyskytujúca sa v Terchovej a okolitých obciach. Typický je pre ňu výrazný viachlasný spev všetkých muzikantov. Terchovská muzika pôvodne úzka súvisela s tancom, preto je jej hudobný štýl temperamentný. Presný vznik Terchovskej muziky ako ľudového prejavu nepoznáme, pretože sa prirodzene dedí ústnym podaním z generácie na generáciu.

Gajdošská kultúra je názov ďalšieho úspešného projektu Slovenskej republiky, ktorý bol v roku 2015 zapísaný do Zoznamu nehmotného dedičstva UNESCO. Tradícia gájd je prítomná na celom území Slovenska, hoci existujú aj regionálne rozdiely. Zatiaľ čo na začiatku dvadsiateho storočia boli gajdoši v stovkách lokalít, dnes hrá a tvorí na Slovensku čosi cez 100 gajdošov. Nezameniteľný zvuk tohto hudobného nástroja, vyrobeného z kovu, dreva a kože zvierat, môžete počuť na niektorom z folklórnych festivalov, ktoré sa od júna do septembra konajú po celom Slovensku.

Pamiatky navrhnuté na zápis do zoznamu UNESCO

Limes Romanus - rímske antické pamiatky na strednom Dunaji
Gemerské a abovské kostoly so stredovekými nástennými maľbami
Komárno - protiturecká pevnosť
Pamätník Chatama Sófera
Tokajská vinohradnícka oblasť, súbor vinohradníckych pivníc
Koncept šošovkovitého historického jadra mesta Košice
Prírodné rezervácie Tatier (predpokladaný spoločný návrh s Poľskom)
Krasové doliny Slovenska (na základe výberu rôznych typov krasových dolín rozšírenie a dopracovanie nominačného projektu Rokliny Slovenského raja, predloženého 26.6.1997)
Dunajská prírodná a kultúrna krajina (predpokladaný spoločný návrh s Českom, Rakúskom a Maďarskom)
Mykoflóra Bukovských vrchov
Gejzír v Herľanoch
Veľkomoravské pamiatky - spoločná česko-slovenská nominácia (kostol sv. Margity Antiochijskej v Kopčanoch a Ducové, časť Kostolec, veľkomoravský dvorec)

Viac informácií na oficiálnej stránke www.whc.unesco.org

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